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. 2024 Oct 24;14(21):1701.
doi: 10.3390/nano14211701.

Fabrication of Anthocyanidin-Encapsulated Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibrous Membrane for Smart Packaging

Maryam Aldoghaim  1 , Jabrah Alkorbi  2 , Salhah D Al-Qahtani  3 , Ghadah M Al-Senani  3
Affiliations

Fabrication of Anthocyanidin-Encapsulated Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibrous Membrane for Smart Packaging

Maryam Aldoghaim et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Smart colorimetric packaging has been an important method to protect human health from external hazardous agents. However, the currently available colorimetric detectors use synthetic dye probes, which are costly, toxic, difficult to prepare, and non-biodegradable. Herein, an environmentally friendly cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-supported polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membrane was developed for the colorimetric monitoring of food spoilage. Anthocyanidin (ACY) is a naturally occurring spectroscopic probe that was isolated from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). By encapsulating the anthocyanin probe in electrospun polyvinyl alcohol fibers in the presence of a mordant (M), M/ACY nanoparticles were generated. After exposure to rotten shrimp, an investigation on the colorimetric changes from purple to green for the smart nanofibrous fabric was conducted using the coloration parameters and absorbance spectra. In response to increasing the length of exposure to rotten shrimp, the absorption spectra of the anthocyanin-encapsulated nanofibrous membrane showed a wavelength blueshift from 580 nm to 412 nm. CNC displayed a diameter of 12-17 nm. The nanoparticle diameter of M/ACY was monitored in the range of 8-13 nm, and the nanofiber diameter was shown in the range of 70-135 nm. Slight changes in comfort properties were monitored after encapsulating M/ACY in the nanofibrous fabric.

Keywords: anthocyanin; cellulose nanocrystal-supported polyvinyl alcohol; electrospinning; nanofibrous membrane; smart packaging.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Preparation procedure of chromic membrane (ACY/CNC@PVA).
Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of ACY5 at different locations on the sample surface (a–d), indicating a homogeneous surface.
Figure 2
Figure 2
TEM images of M/ACY nanoparticles at different positions of the sample (a–d), indicating homogeneous diameters of nanoparticles and particle size distribution of M/ACY nanoparticles (e).
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Preparation of maleic-modified CNC.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TEM analysis of the CNC at different positions and different magnifications of the sample.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The air permeability of membranes. Using the one-way ANOVA, the relationship levels are defined as *** high (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The bending lengths of membranes. Using the one-way ANOVA, the relationship levels are defined as *** high (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Absorbance spectra of ACY5 against the exposure period to rotten shrimp (6–30 h) demonstrating a wavelength shift from 580 nm to 412 nm.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The calibration profile of ACY5 at 412 nm against the time period of exposure to rotten shrimp (6–30 h).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Reversibility of ACY5 over several cycles of exposure to rotten shrimp for 30 h (green, 412 nm) and air (purple, 580 nm).
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Proposed mechanism of TVB-N sensing demonstrating TVB-N-induced color shift of ACY-encapsulated cellulose nanocrystal-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous membrane from purple to green.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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