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. 2025 Mar-Apr;19(2):233-235.
doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001396. Epub 2024 Nov 8.

Xylazine Positivity in Opioid-positive Drug Screens on an Inpatient Labor Unit

Cassandra Trammel  1 , Vahid Azimi, Bridgit Crews, Stephen Roper, Nandini Raghuraman, Ebony B Carter, Antonina Frolova, Anthony O Odibo, Megan Lawlor, Jeannie C Kelly
Affiliations

Xylazine Positivity in Opioid-positive Drug Screens on an Inpatient Labor Unit

Cassandra Trammel et al. J Addict Med. 2025 Mar-Apr.

Abstract

Objective: Untreated opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with significant morbidity in pregnancy. Recent reports have highlighted the rise of xylazine in the nonprescribed fentanyl supply. The frequency with which pregnant people with OUD are exposed to xylazine has not been characterized. We sought to describe the rate of xylazine detection in urine drug screens (UDS) from pregnant people admitted to a labor unit.

Methods: We performed a cross sectional study of all UDS results from an inpatient obstetric unit at an urban tertiary care center from December 2022, when xylazine was added to the detection panel, through July 2023. We perform universal verbal drug screening, with subsequent urine drug screening only performed after a positive verbal screen and consent. The trend of opioid-positive urine drug screens also positive for xylazine from December to July was measured with the Cochran-Armitage test.

Results: Of 5662 people admitted to Labor and Delivery during the study period, 138 UDS were sent for 123 unique individuals. Ninety-eight (71%) of UDS were positive for nonprescribed substances. Of positive UDS, 36 (37%) were positive for nonprescribed opioids, and of these, 17 (47.2%) were positive for xylazine among 14 pregnant people. The trend of UDS positive for opioids that were also positive for xylazine increased significantly over time ( P = 0.030), from 0% in December 2022 to 100% in July 2023.

Conclusions: Over 8 months, xylazine positivity significantly increased in UDSs positive for nonprescribed opioids in an urban Midwestern hospital. These results underscore the critical need to study the impact of xylazine on obstetric outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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