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. 2024 Nov 8;26(1):192.
doi: 10.1186/s13075-024-03431-5.

Timely escalation to second-line therapies after failure of methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis does not reduce the risk of becoming difficult-to-treat

Bernardo D'Onofrio #  1   2 , Ludovico De Stefano #  1   2 , Emanuele Bozzalla Cassione  1   2 , Valentina Morandi  1   2 , Francesca Cuzzocrea  1   2 , Garifallia Sakellariou  1   3 , Antonio Manzo  1   2 , Carlomaurizio Montecucco  1   2 , Serena Bugatti  4   5
Affiliations

Timely escalation to second-line therapies after failure of methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis does not reduce the risk of becoming difficult-to-treat

Bernardo D'Onofrio et al. Arthritis Res Ther. .

Abstract

Background: To investigate the frequency of difficult-to-treat (D2T) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients early escalated to biologic/targeted synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) after failure of treat-to-target with methotrexate (MTX).

Methods: From a prospective cohort of early RA, all patients with their first access in the years 2005-2018, and eventually starting a b/tsDMARD before the end of 2022, were included and followed-up until April 2024. Study outcomes included drug survival on each consecutive b/tsDMARDs, development of D2T (according to the EULAR definition and subsequent modifications), and its predictors.

Results: Of a total cohort of 722 early RA patients treated with initial MTX and followed-up for at least 3 years from diagnosis, 155 (21.5%) had started a b/tsDMARD after a median of 19 months. In more than 70% of the cases, RA was uncontrolled despite optimal doses of MTX of ≥ 15 mg/day. The retention rates of the first and the second b/tsDMARD were approximatively 70% after 1 year but dropped to 40% after 5 years. After a median (IQR) follow up of 72.6 (34.5-134.2) months, 45 patients (29%) fulfilled the EULAR D2T criteria. At multivariable analysis, higher number of swollen joints and worse pain scores were confirmed as predictors of D2T. Furthermore, in this early RA cohort, shorter disease duration at the start of treatment with b/tsDMARDs, together with negativity for autoantibodies, were also independent predictors of D2T.

Conclusions: Early implementation of treatment after failure of treat-to-target with MTX may not prevent the development of D2T in RA. Patients showing early refractoriness to conventional drugs and those lacking autoantibodies are at higher risk of multiple treatment failures.

Keywords: ACPA; Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; Difficult-to-treat; Early; Methotrexate; Refractory; Rheumatoid arthritis; Rheumatoid factor; Seronegative; Treat-to-target.

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Conflict of interest statement

SB reports grant/research support from: Pfizer, and personal fees from: Alfasigma, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Fresenius Kabi, Lilly, Novartis, UCB. GS reports personal fees from Abbvie, Novartis, Lilly. CM reports personal fees from: Alfasigma, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, UCB.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Retention rate and causes of discontinuation of sequential lines of b/tsDMARD over follow-up. (A, C) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing the retention rate of the first b/tsDMARD (A) and the second b/tsDMARD (C). (B, D) Histograms showing causes of discontinuation of the first (B) and the second (D) b/tsDMARD
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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