Socio-Demographic Influences on Dietary Habits and Nutritional Awareness: A Case Study of Polish Biathlon Association National Team Members

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigated the influence of sociodemographic factors on the dietary habits of athletes of the Polish Biathlon Association. Focusing on age, education, employment status, and gender, this research assesses food choices, meal preparation, and nutritional awareness within a structured sports environment. A cross-sectional survey of 54 athletes was conducted using a modified "Eating Habits of Poles" questionnaire to explore food selection, preparation methods, consumption patterns, and nutritional perspectives. This focus on biathletes emphasizes their distinct dietary needs, which arise from the demanding combination of endurance and precision in their sport, providing valuable insights for tailored dietary strategies to enhance their performance and overall health.

Results: The results indicate that age, education, and employment status significantly influence Polish biathletes' dietary habits and nutritional awareness. Older athletes (under 23 years) demonstrated significantly higher nutritional awareness regarding modern dietary trends (p = 0.015). In contrast, 50% of higher-education athletes were more engaged in meal planning and healthier food choices than those with elementary education (p = 0.031). Employment status also played a role; 70% of the athletes were students who exhibited more convenience-based food choices, whereas 30% were employed and maintained more structured eating patterns (p = 0.008). Minimal gender differences were found, with 50% of male and 50% of female athletes showing similar dietary habits, likely due to standardized nutrition programs provided to all athletes.

Conclusions: This indicates a potential need for further research to determine whether professional dietary support can effectively address typical gender-related variations in food behavior and lead to improvements in dietary outcomes. This study highlights the importance of targeted nutrition education and professional support for optimizing the nutritional habits of professional athletes. This emphasizes that socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and employment status significantly shape these behaviors, underscoring the need for personalized nutritional strategies within athletic programs.

Keywords: dietary habits; nutritional awareness; professional athletes; socio-demographic factors.

Figure 1

The effect of age on views on food and nutrition (VF). The bars represent the mean scores, while the error bars indicate the standard deviations (* p < 0.05).

Figure 2

The effect of education on preparation and production of food (FP). The bars represent the mean scores, while the error bars indicate the standard deviations.

Figure 3

The effect of education on ways of consuming food (EF). The bars represent the mean scores, while the error bars indicate the standard deviations (* p < 0.05).

Figure 4

The effect of education on views on food and nutrition (VF). The bars represent the mean scores, while the error bars indicate the standard deviations (* p < 0.05).

Figure 5

The effect of employment on the selection of food products according to their consumption type (SP). The bars represent the mean scores, while the error bars indicate the standard deviations (* p < 0.05).