Relationship between timing of coffee and tea consumption with mortality (total, cardiovascular disease and diabetes) in people with diabetes: the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2014

Abstract

Background: Previous observational studies have suggested diabetic patients should synchronize their foods and nutrient intake with their biological rhythm; however, the optimal intake time of coffee and tea for reducing all-cause and disease-specific mortality in diabetes is still unknown. This study aims to examine by investigating the association of timing for coffee and tea consumption with long-term survival in people with diabetes.

Methods: A total of 5378 people with diabetes who enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2014 were recruited for this study. Coffee and tea intakes were measured by a 24-h dietary recall, which were divided by different time intervals across the day, including dawn to forenoon, forenoon to noon, noon to evening, and evening to dawn. Weighted cox proportional hazards regression models were developed to evaluate the survival-relationship of coffee and tea consumption with mortality of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and diabetes.

Results: During 47,361 person-year follow up, total 1639 death cases were documented, including 731 CVD deaths, 467 heart disease deaths, 99 stroke deaths, and 462 diabetes deaths. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with participants without drinking coffee during dawn to forenoon, drinking coffee at this period was associated with increased mortality risk of all-cause (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.50), CVD (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07-1.86), heart-disease (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.05-2.07), and diabetes (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.04). In contrast, drinking coffee during forenoon to noon had lower mortality risk of all-cause (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.92), CVD (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-0.99), and heart disease (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.94). Similarly, drinking tea during forenoon to noon had lower risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87).

Conclusions: This study suggests that drinking coffee in dawn to forenoon is linked to a higher risk of death, but having coffee and tea from forenoon to noon is linked to a lower risk of overall mortality, CVD, and heart disease in individuals with diabetes.

Keywords: CVD; Coffee; Diabetes; Mortality; Tea; Timing intake.

Fig. 1

Data are weighted HRs and 95% CI. Results were adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, education level, smoking status, drinking status, exercise regularly, BMI, poverty income ratio, energy intake, added sugars intake, CKD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, HLD, triglycerides, frequency of coffee/tea intake across the day, medication for diabetes, diabetes duration, and night-shift work. BMI, body mass index, CKD, chronic kidney disease, HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Proportion was obtained through complex sampling methods assessment. Coffee intake range: T1: 0, T2: (0.00,3.66], T3: (3.66,71.50]. Tea intake range: T1: 0, T2: (0.00,4.11], T3: (4.11, 99.50]

Fig. 2

Data are weighted HRs and 95% CI. Results were adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, education level, smoking status, drinking status, exercise regularly, BMI, poverty income ratio, energy intake, added sugars intake, CKD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, HLD, triglycerides, frequency of coffee/tea intake across the day, medication for diabetes, diabetes duration, and night-shift work. BMI, body mass index, CKD, chronic kidney disease, HDL, high density lipoprotein. Proportion was obtained through complex sampling methods assessment. Dawn to forenoon coffee intake range: T1: [0, 71.50], T2: (0.00, 4.11], T3: (4.11, 69.40], forenoon to noon coffee intake range: T1: [0, 69.40], T2: (0.00, 3.70], T3: (3.70, 71.50], Noon to evening coffee intake range: T1: [0, 71.50], T2: (0.00, 3.22], T3: (3.22, 32.1], Evening to dawn coffee intake range: T1: [0, 71.50], T2: (0.00, 3.20], T3: (3.20, 36.6]

Fig. 3

Data are weighted HRs and 95% CI. Results were adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, education level, smoking status, drinking status, exercise regularly, BMI, poverty income ratio, energy intake, added sugars intake, CKD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, frequency of coffee/tea intake across the day, medication for diabetes, diabetes duration, and night-shift work. BMI, body mass index, CKD, chronic kidney disease. Proportion was obtained through complex sampling methods assessment. Dawn to forenoon tea intake range: T1: [0, 75.20], T2: (0.00, 3.61], T3: (3.65, 99.50], Forenoon to noon tea intake range: T1: [0, 99.50], T2: (0.00, 3.90], T3: (3.90, 75.20], Noon to evening tea intake range: T1: [0, 99.50], T2: (0.00, 4.38], T3: (4.39, 50.10], Evening to dawn tea intake range: T1: [0, 99.50], T2: (0.00, 4.00], T3: (4.00, 19.17]