Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Jasminum officinale L. with identification and characterization of phytocompounds

Abstract

The utilization of plant-derived chemicals with anti-diabetic properties is widely promoted for its advantageous tactics in managing diabetes, as they are cost-effective and have minimal or no adverse effects. Therefore, this work investigates the medicinal plant Jasminum officinale L. leaves by extraction and bio-guided fractionation. The ethyl acetate fraction showed a higher yield of 36.4 %. A phytochemical test on Jasminum officinale confirmed flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. The highest total phenol and flavonoid contents in the ethyl acetate fraction of J. officinale are 103.01 ± 1.1 mg GAE/g and 80.29 ± 1.03 mg QUE/ value found in methanol crude extract. Furthermore, HPTLC analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction detected the existence of flavonoids (kaempferol) and phenols (gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin). The compounds detected at the greatest concentrations in the LC-M/MS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction were cirsiliol, kaempferol, and 2-tridecanone. Additionally, J. officinale (IC₅₀ 33.845 ± 1.09 μg/mL) demonstrated the highest DPPH scavenging activity in EAF like that of ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ 22.27 ± 0.96 μg/mL). Also, in the FRAP assay, the IC₅₀ of this fraction is 15.14 ± 0.25 μM Fe equivalents. In the range of alpha-amylase deactivating action, from 13.25 % to 74.51 %, and IC₅₀ value (47.40 ± 0.29 μg/mL) was significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction of J. officinale leaf extract. Moreover, J. officinale leaf extract had a substantially higher retention of glucose level (23.92 ± 0.85 % to 87.21 ± 0.6 %), significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity with the lowest IC₅₀ value (66.00 ± 1.84), and lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ value 34.67 ± 1.69) by utilizing egg yolk as a substrate for lipids. Overall, the study revealed that J. officinale has considerable anti-diabetic characteristics. However, further comprehensive research is necessary to ascertain the medicinal purposes of J. officinale and its chemical components, pharmacological effects, and clinical uses.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Diabetes; Glucose uptake; Jasminum officinale; Phytochemicals.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

General methodology used for fractionation of crude methanolic extracts of J. officinale.

Fig. 2

(A) Total phenol content was shown as mg of gallic acid per gram of extract (dry weight) (B) Total flavonoid content (C) Total tannin content. The format of the data displays the mean and standard deviation (SD). Tukey’ s one-way ANOVA was used to find the significant and non-significant differences between the crude extract and fraction from all three locations. The superscripts (a–d) on the bars show these differences. Distinct subscripts imply substantial diversity, whereas identical subscripts indicate a lack of significant change. The error bars are shown in black.

Fig. 3

(A) Total saponin content, (B) Total terpenoid content, and (C) Total alkaloid content. Bars with a unique letter at the top indicate notable variations between fractions and extract. (p < 0.05), As demonstrated by Tukey's One way ANOVA test. The format of the data displays the mean and standard deviation (SD). One-way ANOVA was used to find the significant and non-significant differences between the crude extract and fraction from all three locations. The superscripts (a–d) on the bars show these differences. Distinct subscripts imply substantial diversity, whereas identical subscripts indicate a lack of significant change. The error bars are shown in black.

Fig. 4

(A) Antioxidant activity or percentage of inhibition of DPPH, (B) FRAP and (C) lipids peroxidation assay.

Fig. 5

(A) In-vitro glucose uptake assay, (B) anti-inflammatory and (C) alpha amylase inhibition of crude extract and fractions of EAF of J. officinale.

Fig. 6

The HPTLC chromatogram displays the standard compound of gallic acid at different concentration.

Fig. 7

HPTLC chromatogram of gallic acid from the EAF of J. officinale.

Fig. 8

The HPTLC chromatogram displays the standard compound of rutin.

Fig. 9

HPTLC chromatogram of rutin from the EAF of J. officinale.

Fig. 10

The HPTLC chromatogram displays the standard compound of quercetin.

Fig. 11

HPTLC chromatogram of quercetin from the EAF of J. officinale.

Fig. 12

The HPTLC chromatogram displays the standard compound of kaempferol.

Fig. 13

HPTLC chromatogram of kaempferol from the EAF of J. officinale.