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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2024 Jan-Dec:15:21501319241297766.
doi: 10.1177/21501319241297766.

Effect of a Low Salt Diet on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

Thananda Trakarnvanich  1 , Worawon Chailimpamontree  2 , Surasak Kantachuvesiri  3 , Sirirat Anutrakulchai  4 , Basmon Manomaipiboon  1 , Tanun Ngamvitchukorn  1 , Swangjit Suraamornkul  1 , Thanphisit Trakarnvanich  1 , Sathit Kurathong  1
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of a Low Salt Diet on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

Thananda Trakarnvanich et al. J Prim Care Community Health. 2024 Jan-Dec.

Abstract

Introduction: A causal relationship exists between salt intake and hypertension, stroke, and kidney disease. However, whether or not reduced salt intake slows progression of renal diseases has been intensely debated.

Methods: In this prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial, we examined the impact of a low salt diet on renal function, blood pressure, and other metabolic parameters. Herein, 194 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1 to 3 were randomized in low salt (intervention) and control groups. The intervention group was provided a low salt diet (1.5 g/day) for 3 months. The control group consumed their usual diet, and daily food intake was recorded in the control group. Renal function tests, 24-h urinary sodium excretion, urinary protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, and electrolyte levels were recorded monthly.

Results: After 3 months, the mean reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher in the control group (mean reduction in eGFR, -3.011 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -5.367, -0.656, P = .013). Blood pressure (BP) decreased significantly in both groups; systolic and diastolic BP reduction at 3 months was significantly greater in the intervention group (systolic BP mean reduction -6.57/-4.29 mmHg; 95% CI = -10.24, -2.89) and diastolic BP mean reduction -6.95, -1.64 mmHg) compared with the control group (systolic BP mean reduction -0.58/-2.63 mmHg; 95%, CI = -4.33, 3.17 and diastolic BP mean reduction -5.34, -0.08 mmHg). The mean reduction in 24-h urine sodium excretion was greater in the intervention group, reaching a significant level at month 2 (-14.45 mmol/day; 95% CI = -27.63, -1.22).

Conclusion: Overall, salt restriction can help slow the progression of renal insufficiency and results in statistically significant and clinically important reductions in BP among patients with CKD.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05716386 on 28/01/2023.

Keywords: CKD progression; hypertension; low-salt diet; randomized controlled trial; urine sodium.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
CONSORT diagram and study flow.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
eGFR at baseline and 3 months during the trial. Data are mean ± SD.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Mean changes and 95% CI of urinary sodium excretion in low-salt diet and control groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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