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Review
. 2025 Feb;21(2):319-336.
doi: 10.1007/s12015-024-10814-3. Epub 2024 Nov 11.

Model Organoids: Integrated Frameworks for the Next Frontier of Healthcare Advancements

Riya Bhattacharya  1   2 , Debajyoti Bose  3   4 , Tanveen Kaur  5 , Rushik Patel  1   6 , Oladri Renuka  1   6 , Raul V Rodriguez  7   8   9
Affiliations
Review

Model Organoids: Integrated Frameworks for the Next Frontier of Healthcare Advancements

Riya Bhattacharya et al. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2025 Feb.

Abstract

The morphogenetic events leading to tissue formation can be recapitulated using organoids, which allows studying new diseases and modelling personalized medicines. In this review, culture systems comparable to human organs are presented, these organoids are created from pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells. The efficient and reproducible models of human tissues are discussed for biobanking, precision medicine and basic research. Mechanisms used by these model systems with an overview of models from human cells are also covered. As human physiology is different from animals, culture conditions and tissue limits often become challenging. Organoids offer novel approaches for such cases with rapid screening, transplantation studies and in immunotherapy. Discrepancies with large datasets can be handled with an integrated framework of artificial intelligence or AI and machine learning. An attempt has been made to show the improved effectiveness, simplified iterations, along with image analysis that are possible from this synergy. AI-assisted organoids have the potential to transform healthcare by improving disease understanding and accelerating clinical decision-making through personalized and precision medicine.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Human tissues; Machine learning; Organoids; Stem cells.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: All authors agree to publishing this work. Competing Interests: The authors declare no known conflict of interests.

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