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Review
. 2025 Feb;155(2):327-335.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.11.003. Epub 2024 Nov 9.

Update on type 2 immunity

Magdalena M Gorska  1
Affiliations
Review

Update on type 2 immunity

Magdalena M Gorska. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025 Feb.

Abstract

This review article summarizes and comments on the mechanistic work on type 2 immunity published between January 2022 and September 2024. Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 and is primarily known for its detrimental roles in allergic diseases and its protective roles in helminth infections. Other functions of type 2 immunity include protection against venoms and toxins, wound healing, tissue remodeling, regeneration, and metabolic homeostasis. This review article discusses novel findings on regulation of these processes and disease states by select cells and humoral factors of type 2 immunity, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, CD4 T cells, mast cells, peripheral neurons, and IgE. The article also describes novel discoveries on regulation of these factors and cells by environmental exposures and the host. Further, the article discusses select genetic mouse models that were developed recently and have the potential to accelerate the field. Finally, the article comments on the significance of novel discoveries to clinical medicine, including drug development.

Keywords: ILC2; IgE; T(H)2 cells; Type 2 immunity; allergy; asthma; mast cells; neuroimmune interactions.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure statement Supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant R01AI143837) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant R01HL122995) of the National Institutes of Health; and by the Murnick Asthma Discovery Accelerator Program. The content of this review article is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: The author declares that there are no relevant conflicts of interest.

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