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Review
. 2025 Mar;486(3):445-455.
doi: 10.1007/s00428-024-03975-6. Epub 2024 Nov 12.

Primary osseous tumors of the orbit

Mariel Bedell  1 , Rana Naous  2
Affiliations
Review

Primary osseous tumors of the orbit

Mariel Bedell et al. Virchows Arch. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

This review article focuses on the various primary osseous tumors of the orbit. Due to overlapping clinical, radiologic, and histologic features, differentiating these entities can pose significant challenges diagnostically. In this review, emphasis is placed on key distinguishing clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics. Also described are important prognostic details, recurrence risks, and the gold standard treatment methods for each entity. Relevant genetic syndrome associations are additionally covered. Orbital bone entities discussed include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.

Keywords: Bone tumors; Orbit; Primary.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: This work has not been submitted to other journals, and the work is original. All sources used in the development of this manuscript have been appropriately referenced. The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All the material in this review are in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee(s) and with the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013). Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

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