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. 2024 Oct 26:7:100304.
doi: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100304. eCollection 2024.

Exploring the genetic progression of MDR1 in Plasmodium falciparum: A decade of multi-regional genetic analysis (2014-2024)

Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu  1   2 , George Oche Ambrose  2 , Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir  1   2 , Selimat Ibrahim  2 , Itiolu Ibilola Funsho  2 , Toluwani Mokuolu  2
Affiliations

Exploring the genetic progression of MDR1 in Plasmodium falciparum: A decade of multi-regional genetic analysis (2014-2024)

Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu et al. Curr Res Microb Sci. .

Abstract

Background: The genetic progression of the MDR1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum, a key factor in drug resistance, presents significant challenges for malaria control. This study aims to elucidate the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of P. falciparum, particularly focusing on the MDR1 gene across multi-regional populations. To analyze the genetic diversity of P. falciparum MDR1 gene across various multi-regional populations between 2014 and 2024, assessing allelic richness, genetic distances, and evolutionary patterns.

Methods: We conducted an extensive genetic analysis using methods such as Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), pairwise population matrices of Nei unbiased genetic distance and identity, PhiPT and Phi'PT values, and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). The study covered diverse P. falciparum populations from India, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Honduras, China, and Cameroon.

Findings: Our findings reveal significant genetic heterogeneity in the MDR1 gene. Populations like India: Odisha (2014) exhibited high allelic richness, indicating diverse drug resistance profiles. Notable genetic divergence was observed, especially between India (2016) and Nigeria (2020), suggesting different evolutionary trajectories in drug resistance. The PCoA analysis highlighted the multi-dimensional genetic variation, reflecting the complex interplay of factors influencing drug resistance in P. falciparum.

Interpretation: The comprehensive analysis of P. falciparum's MDR1 gene provides crucial insights into the multi-regional patterns of drug resistance. This knowledge is essential for developing effective malaria control measures and adapting treatment strategies to the evolving genetic diversity of the parasite.

Keywords: Evolutionary dynamics; Genetic diversity; MDR1 gene; Malaria; P. falciparum.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: George Oche Ambrose reports was provided by University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. George Oche Ambrose reports a relationship with University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital that includes: employment. No conflict of Interest If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image, graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1:
Fig. 1
Allelic Patterns across Populations. Na (Number of alleles) (Blue bars): The average number of alleles per locus observed in each population. Na Freq. ≥ 5 % (Orange line): The number of alleles with a frequency greater than or equal to 5 %, indicating the prevalence of common alleles within the population. Ne (Number of effective alleles) (Gray bars): The effective number of alleles per locus, considering their frequencies, indicating the level of genetic variability. I (Shannon's Information Index) (Yellow bars): A measure of genetic diversity considering both allele frequency and abundance, reflecting genetic richness. No. Private Alleles (Light Blue bars): The number of alleles unique to a particular population, highlighting population-specific genetic traits. No. LComm Alleles (≤ 25 %) (Green bars): The number of less common alleles present at a frequency of 25 % or less within the population, indicating the presence of rare genetic variants. No. LComm Alleles (≤ 50 %) (Gray-green bars): The number of less common alleles with a frequency of 50 % or less, representing intermediate-frequency alleles. h (Heterozygosity) (Pink line): The expected heterozygosity value, representing genetic variability within the population.
Fig. 2:
Fig. 2
Percentages of Molecular Variance.
Fig. 3:
Fig. 3
Principal Coordinates (PCoA).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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