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. 2025 Jan;82(1):136-148.
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.23695. Epub 2024 Nov 13.

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Blood Pressure in NHANES 2011 to 2018

Katlyn E McGraw  1 , Arce Domingo-Relloso  1 , Daniel W Riggs  2 , Danielle N Medgyesi  1 , Raghavee Neupane  3 , Jeanette A Stingone  4 , Tiffany R Sanchez  1
Affiliations

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Blood Pressure in NHANES 2011 to 2018

Katlyn E McGraw et al. Hypertension. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Exposure to VOCs is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors, including elevated blood pressure in susceptible populations. However, research in the general population, particularly among nonsmoking adults, is limited. We hypothesized that higher VOC exposure is associated with higher blood pressure and hypertension, among nonsmokers.

Methods: We included 4 cycles of data (2011-2018) of nonsmoking adults (n=4430) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Urinary VOC metabolites were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, adjusted for urine dilution, and log-transformed. We estimated mean differences in blood pressure using linear models and prevalence ratio of stage 2 hypertension using modified Poisson models with robust standard errors. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle.

Results: Participants were 54% female, with a median age of 48 years, 32.3% had hypertension, and 7.9% had diabetes. The mean differences (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were 1.61 (0.07-3.15) and 2.46 (1.01-3.92) mm Hg when comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of urinary acrolein (N-acetyl-S-[2-carboxyethyl]-L-cysteine) and 1,3-butadiene (N-acetyl-S-[3,4-dihydroxybutyl]-L-cysteine) metabolites. The prevalence ratios for hypertension were 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02-1.09) and 1.05 (95% CI, 1.01-1.09) when comparing the highest with lowest quartiles of urinary acrolein (N-acetyl-S-[2-carboxyethyl]-L-cysteine) and 1,3-butadiene (N-acetyl-S-[3,4-dihydroxybutyl]-L-cysteine), respectively.

Conclusions: Exposure to VOCs may be a relevant yet understudied environmental contributor to cardiovascular disease risk in the nonsmoking, US population.

Keywords: acrolein; blood pressure; cardiovascular diseases; hypertension; volatile organic compounds.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

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