Affiliations

• ¹ Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ² Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ³ Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Que.
• ⁴ BCCH, Vancouver, B.C.
• ⁵ Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y.
• ⁶ CHOP, Philadelphia, Pa.
• ⁷ St. Justine's Hospital, Montréal, Que.
• ⁸ Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, Calif.
• ⁹ Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁰ University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹¹ ICES, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹² Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹³ SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁴ University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
• ¹⁵ SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁶ Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
• ¹⁷ Shriners Children's Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
• ¹⁸ UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif.
• ¹⁹ Shriners Children's Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
• ²⁰ Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif.
• ²¹ University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.
• ²² Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC.
• ²³ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
• ²⁴ Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ²⁵ Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY.
• ²⁶ Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
• ²⁷ From NYU Langone Health, New York, N.Y.
• ²⁸ Hoag Neurosciences Institute, Newport Beach, Calif.
• ²⁹ From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ³⁰ Columbia University, New York, N.Y.
• ³¹ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
• ³² From the Department of Anesthesia, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, B.C.
• ³³ Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ³⁴ Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ³⁵ From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ³⁶ Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, B.C.
• ³⁷ AO Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• ³⁸ Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
• ³⁹ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
• ⁴⁰ From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁴¹ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
• ⁴² Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁴³ Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ⁴⁴ From the Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁴⁵ From the Dr. Georges-L-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, N.B.
• ⁴⁶ Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Que.
• ⁴⁷ Montréal University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ⁴⁸ From the London Health Sciences Centre Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ont.
• ⁴⁹ Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁵⁰ From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁵¹ Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁵² Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁵³ Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ⁵⁴ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
• ⁵⁵ From the Orthopedic Division, Surgery Department, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.
• ⁵⁶ Centre de recherche du CHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Que.
• ⁵⁷ Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Markham, Ont.
• ⁵⁸ Department of Surgery, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Que.
• ⁵⁹ From the Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Que.
• ⁶⁰ School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
• ⁶¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, the Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
• ⁶² Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, Australia.
• ⁶³ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ⁶⁴ PERFORM Centre, School of Health, Concordia University, Montréal, Que.
• ⁶⁵ From the Montréal University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ⁶⁶ Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, N.B.
• ⁶⁷ From the Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁶⁸ Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Markdale, Ont.
• ⁶⁹ University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁷⁰ University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁷¹ From the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.
• ⁷² University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
• ⁷³ Dalhousie University, Saint John, N.B.
• ⁷⁴ Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John, N.B.
• ⁷⁵ Horizon Health Network, Saint John, N.B.
• ⁷⁶ From the Combined Orthopaedic and Neurosurgical Spine Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁷⁷ Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁷⁸ Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁷⁹ Department of Medical Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁸⁰ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁸¹ Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ⁸² Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.
• ⁸³ Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network, Markdale, Ont.
• ⁸⁴ Unity Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁸⁵ Western University, London, Ont.
• ⁸⁶ University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
• ⁸⁷ McGill University, Montréal, Que.
• ⁸⁸ Université du Québec, Québec, Que.
• ⁸⁹ Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.
• ⁹⁰ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ⁹¹ Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁹² Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
• ⁹³ Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁹⁴ Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, Vancouver, B.C.
• ⁹⁵ Canadian Spine Society, Markdale, Ont.
• ⁹⁶ Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ⁹⁷ Civic Campus, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.
• ⁹⁸ Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
• ⁹⁹ Section of Neurosurgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
• ¹⁰⁰ Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
• ¹⁰¹ University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
• ¹⁰² University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.
• ¹⁰³ Dalhousie University, Saint John Campus, Saint John, N.B.
• ¹⁰⁴ Memorial University, St. John's, N.L.
• ¹⁰⁵ University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
• ¹⁰⁶ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁰⁷ Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
• ¹⁰⁸ Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
• ¹⁰⁹ Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹¹⁰ KITE - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹¹¹ St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹¹² Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• ¹¹³ NeuroX Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• ¹¹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• ¹¹⁵ Lewis- Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
• ¹¹⁶ Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹¹⁷ Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland.
• ¹¹⁸ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• ¹¹⁹ University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• ¹²⁰ AO Foundation, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
• ¹²¹ Waldkrankenhaus, St. Marien, Erlangen, Germany.
• ¹²² McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
• ¹²³ Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.
• ¹²⁴ University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
• ¹²⁵ Oblu Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania.
• ¹²⁶ Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
• ¹²⁷ Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, India.
• ¹²⁸ University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• ¹²⁹ Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
• ¹³⁰ West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.V.
• ¹³¹ Université Laval, Québec, Que.
• ¹³² University of California, San Diego, Calif.
• ¹³³ SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y.
• ¹³⁴ Cajuru University Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil.
• ¹³⁵ Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
• ¹³⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ¹³⁷ Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, CRIR, Montréal, Que.
• ¹³⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
• ¹³⁹ Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Murnau, Germany.
• ¹⁴⁰ Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
• ¹⁴¹ Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
• ¹⁴² ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany.
• ¹⁴³ From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.
• ¹⁴⁴ Duke University, Durham, N.C.
• ¹⁴⁵ Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁴⁶ Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁴⁷ International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, B.C.
• ¹⁴⁸ University of British Columbia MRI Research, Vancouver, B.C.
• ¹⁴⁹ Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ¹⁵⁰ Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ¹⁵¹ Toronto Western Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁵² Canadian Spine Society, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁵³ Canadian Spine Society, Calgary, Alta.
• ¹⁵⁴ Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, N.B.
• ¹⁵⁵ Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁵⁶ Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁵⁷ Division of Orthopedics, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁵⁸ Department of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.
• ¹⁵⁹ Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
• ¹⁶⁰ Saint John Orthopaedics, Saint John, N.B.
• ¹⁶¹ Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁶² Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, N.L.
• ¹⁶³ Dalhousie University Saint John, Saint John, N.B.
• ¹⁶⁴ Concordia University, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁶⁵ School of Health, Concordia University, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁶⁶ Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Réadaptation, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁶⁷ McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁶⁸ Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
• ¹⁶⁹ Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
• ¹⁷⁰ Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.
• ¹⁷¹ Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, N.Y.
• ¹⁷² Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.
• ¹⁷³ University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
• ¹⁷⁴ Spine Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, Montréal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁷⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Long Island Jewish Medical Center and North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, N.Y.
• ¹⁷⁶ Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
• ¹⁷⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
• ¹⁷⁸ Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁷⁹ Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁸⁰ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
• ¹⁸¹ Spine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
• ¹⁸² Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
• ¹⁸³ National Center for Spinal Disorders, Budapest, Hungary.
• ¹⁸⁴ Oxford Spinal Surgery Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.
• ¹⁸⁵ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• ¹⁸⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
• ¹⁸⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.
• ¹⁸⁸ Division of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Tex.
• ¹⁸⁹ Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Vinmec Central Park International Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
• ¹⁹¹ Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam.
• ¹⁹² Division of Orthopaedics, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁹³ Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.
• ¹⁹⁴ Combined Orthopaedic and Neurosurgical Spine Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ¹⁹⁵ NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁹⁶ Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Que.
• ¹⁹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
• ¹⁹⁸ Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
• ¹⁹⁹ QE II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, N.S.
• ²⁰⁰ Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ²⁰¹ Vancouver Spine Institute, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C.
• ²⁰² Department of Surgery, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁰³ Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁰⁴ University of Ottawa, the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²⁰⁵ Centre du Recherche CHU de Quebec, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
• ²⁰⁶ Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁰⁷ Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁰⁸ Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁰⁹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²¹⁰ Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹¹ Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹² Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Que.
• ²¹³ Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²¹⁴ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹⁶ Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹⁷ Department of Surgery of Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
• ²¹⁸ Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Que.
• ²¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
• ²²⁰ University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²²¹ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²²² University of Calgary Combined Spine Program, Calgary, Alta.
• ²²³ Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.
• ²²⁴ University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ²²⁵ Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²²⁶ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²²⁷ Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
• ²²⁸ University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
• ²²⁹ Boston University, Boston, Mass.
• ²³⁰ One Oak Medical, Wayne, N.J.
• ²³¹ MUSC, Charleston, S.C.
• ²³² London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont.
• ²³³ Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ont.
• ²³⁴ Calgary Spine Program and Division of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²³⁵ Mediterranean Observatory for Clinical and Health Research, Valencia, Spain.
• ²³⁶ Departments of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa.
• ²³⁷ Division of Spine Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
• ²³⁸ Division of Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.
• ²³⁹ Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁴⁰ Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Research Institute MUHC Montreal General Hospital, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁴¹ Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.
• ²⁴² Medtronic, Memphis, Tenn.
• ²⁴³ Access Community Therapists, Vancouver, B.C.
• ²⁴⁴ Accessible Okanagan, Kelowna, B.C.
• ²⁴⁵ Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Windsor, Ont.
• ²⁴⁶ University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
• ²⁴⁷ University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont.
• ²⁴⁸ National Spine Health Foundation, Reston, Va.
• ²⁴⁹ Virginia Spine Institute, Reston, Va.
• ²⁵⁰ Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵¹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵² Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵³ Combined Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵⁴ Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵⁵ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alta.
• ²⁵⁶ Orthopaedic Innovation Centre, Winnipeg, Man.
• ²⁵⁷ Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.
• ²⁵⁸ Winnipeg Spine Program, Winnipeg, Man.
• ²⁵⁹ Duke University Hospital, Durham, N.C.
• ²⁶⁰ Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ²⁶¹ Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Ky.
• ²⁶² Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁶³ Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré- Coeur, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁶⁴ Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.
• ²⁶⁵ Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
• ²⁶⁶ King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• ²⁶⁷ University of Connecticut, Farmington, Conn.
• ²⁶⁸ University of Manitoba, Brandon, Man.
• ²⁶⁹ University of British Columbia, Victoria, B.C.
• ²⁷⁰ Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
• ²⁷¹ Schulich School of Medicine, Mississauga, Ont.
• ²⁷² Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, Ont.
• ²⁷³ Windsor University, Windsor, Ont.