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. 2025 Mar;32(3):1742-1751.
doi: 10.1245/s10434-024-16492-2. Epub 2024 Nov 14.

Advantage of Log Odds of Metastatic Lymph Nodes After Curative-Intent Resection of Gallbladder Cancer

Giovanni Catalano  1   2 , Laura Alaimo  1   2 , Odysseas P Chatzipanagiotou  1 , Andrea Ruzzenente  2 , Federico Aucejo  3 , Hugo P Marques  4 , Nazim Bhimani  5 , Tom Hugh  5 , Shishir K Maithel  6 , Minoru Kitago  7 , Itaru Endo  8 , Timothy M Pawlik  9
Affiliations

Advantage of Log Odds of Metastatic Lymph Nodes After Curative-Intent Resection of Gallbladder Cancer

Giovanni Catalano et al. Ann Surg Oncol. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is among the most important predictors of poor prognosis after surgery for gallbladder cancer (GBC). Traditionally, staging has been based on the raw count of LNM, with a high risk of understaging patients who undergo inadequate lymph node dissection (LND). The log odds of metastatic lymph nodes (LODDS) may represent an alternative staging approach to stratify patients more accurately after resection of GBC.

Patients and methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients who underwent curative-intent surgery with LND for GBC were identified from an international database. Two predictive models were built and compared, each integrating a different lymph nodes status indicator [i.e., American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and LODDS].

Results: Among 199 patients, the median number of lymph nodes examined was 5 [interquartile range (IQR): 3.0, 8.0]; most patients had T1 (n = 26, 13.1%) or T2 (n = 97, 48.7%) disease, and a subset had LNM (n = 87, 44.0%). Multivariable Cox analysis demonstrated LODDS was an independent predictor of overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-2.3; p < 0.001]. The LODDS model demonstrated better performance compared with a traditional model that utilized the AJCC N category [concordance (C) index: 0.814 versus 0.763; p < 0.001]. Patients classified as high- versus low-risk based on LODDS had much worse overall survival (OS) (4.9% versus 83.7%, respectively; p < 0.001). The LODDS model performance remained high even among patients with inadequate LND (< 6 LN) (C index: 0.87). An online calculator was developed ( https://catalano-giovanni.shinyapps.io/LoddsGBC/ ).

Conclusions: A novel prognostic model based on LODDS may overcome the inherent limitations of the current AJCC staging system, reducing understaging among patients with fewer than six total lymph nodes evaluated.

Keywords: Gallbladder cancer; Lymph node; Metastasis; Staging; Surgery.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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