Comprehensive Benefits of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Literature Review

Abstract

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, initially developed for type 2 diabetes, have emerged as a promising treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). They show significant cardiovascular benefits, including reduced cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations. This review consolidates knowledge on the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFrEF, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and patient outcomes. To consolidate existing knowledge on the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular mortality in HFrEF, with an emphasis on pathophysiology, clinical benefits, and patient outcomes, major medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were reviewed, prioritizing research published from 2020 to 2024. Key studies and clinical trials, including DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced, were analyzed to understand the impacts of SGLT2 inhibitors on HFrEF management. The review highlights the multifaceted mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors exert their cardiovascular benefits, including osmotic diuresis, natriuresis, improved myocardial energetics, and anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations among HFrEF patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. These benefits are observed across diverse demographic and clinical subgroups, indicating their broad applicability in clinical practice. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly advance HFrEF management, reducing cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations. However, gaps remain in long-term outcomes, early diagnostic indicators, and mechanisms of action. Future research should address these gaps and explore personalized medicine to optimize treatment. Integrating SGLT2 inhibitors into standard HFrEF management guidelines, supported by updated policies and educational initiatives for healthcare providers, will be crucial to maximize their therapeutic potential and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiovascular; HFrEF; Mortality; Outcomes; SGLT2 inhibitors.