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Review
. 2024 Nov 15;10(1):55.
doi: 10.1186/s40729-024-00572-9.

Peri-implant bone regeneration in pigs

Siddharth Shanbhag  1   2   3 , Javier Sanz-Esporrin  4 , Carina Kampleitner  5   6   7 , Stein-Atle Lie  8 , Reinhard Gruber  7   9   10 , Kamal Mustafa  8 , Mariano Sanz  11   4
Affiliations
Review

Peri-implant bone regeneration in pigs

Siddharth Shanbhag et al. Int J Implant Dent. .

Abstract

Purpose: To review the current literature to answer the focused question: in the experimental pig model (population), which types of peri-implant bone defects (exposure) have been used evaluate different modes of therapy and what is their capacity for spontaneous healing and regeneration (outcome)?

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases were searched for studies reporting peri-implant bone defects in the maxillae or mandibles of pigs. Those studies which reported a control group of untreated defects with assessment of spontaneous regeneration [new bone area (BA)] and/or re-osseointegration [new bone-to-implant contact (BIC)] via quantitative radiography or histomorphometry were included in a random effects meta-analysis for the outcomes BA and BIC.

Results: Overall, 21 studies, mostly performed in the mandibles of minipigs, were included. Most studies reported 'acute' intrabony (circumferential and/or dehiscence; n = 12) or supra-alveolar defects (horizontal; n = 4). Five studies attempted to induce 'chronic' peri-implantitis lesions using ligatures with conflicting results. Meta-analyses revealed pooled estimates (with 95% confidence intervals) of 48.07% BIC (30.14-66%) and 64.31% BA (42.71-85.91%) in intrabony defects, and 52.09% BIC (41.83-62.35%) and 28.62% BA (12.97-44.28%) in supra-alveolar defects. Heterogeneity in the meta-analysis was high (I2 > 90%).

Conclusion: Current evidence for peri-implant bone regeneration in pigs is mainly based on acute intrabony defects, which demonstrate a high capacity for spontaneous regeneration and re-osseointegration. The evidence for chronic peri-implantitis is limited and does not clearly indicate a spontaneous progression of the disease in this animal model.

Keywords: Animal models; Bone regeneration; Peri-implantitis; Systematic reviews.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval Not applicable. Registration The review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database (CRD42023450700).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Meta-analysis of studies reporting histomorphometric bone-to-implant-contact (1 = intrabony, 2 = supra-alveolar defects). Results are presented as effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CI)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Meta-analysis of studies reporting histomorphometric bone area (1 = intrabony, 2 = supra-alveolar defects). Results are presented as effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CI)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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