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. 2025 Jan;34(1):28-33.
doi: 10.1177/09612033241301182. Epub 2024 Nov 18.

Current smoking is related to severe damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

M A Cosatti  1 , S A Muñoz  2 , M T Tamborenea  3 , M García  4 , A Curti  5 , A Cappuccio  6 , O Rillo  7 , P M Imamura  8 , E Schneeberger  9 , F Dal Pra  9 , M Ballent  10 , M L Cousseau  11 , J Velasco Zamora  12 , V Saurit  13 , S Toloza  14 , M C Danielsen  15 , V I Bellomio  16 , C Graf  17 , S Paira  18 , J Cavallasca  19 , B Pons Estel  20 , J L Cristian Moreno  21 , M Díaz  22 , P Alba  23 , M Verando  24 , G Tate  3 , E Mysler  3 , J Sarano  25 , E E Civit  26 , F Risueño  27 , P Álvarez Sepúlveda  28 , M S Larroude  6 , M F Méndez  29 , A Conforti  30 , D Sohn  31 , C A Helling  3 , S Roverano  18 , S Malm-Green  24 , D Medina Bornachera  32 , A Alvarez  32 , A Eimon  1 , G Pendón  33 , M Mayer  34 , J Marin  8 , C N Pisoni  1
Affiliations

Current smoking is related to severe damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

M A Cosatti et al. Lupus. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Objective: To assess the relationship between smoking exposure and organ damage accrual measured by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus score (SLICC-SDI) in consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from Argentina.

Methods: 623 consecutive SLE patients (fulfilling ≥4, 1997 ACR criteria) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and disease related variables including SLICC-SDI score and smoking status were collected. Patients currently smoking were considered "smokers", and "non-smokers" those who never smoked and former smokers. SLICC-SDI was divided into two categories: <3 and ≥3 was defined as severe damage.

Results: Six hundred and 23 patients were included in the analysis, 89% women. Eighty-four per cent were non-smokers and 16 % were current smokers 83 percent of patients had SLICC-SDI <3 and 17 % had SLICC-SDI ≥3. Twenty one percent of patients with SLICC-SDI ≥3 and 15% with <3 SLICC-SDI were current smokers (p 0.081). In the multiple regression analysis, current smoking (OR 1.82, CI 95% 1.01-3.31, p 0.046), older age (OR 1.04, CI 95% 1.00-1.05, p 0.034), disease duration (OR 1.03, CI 95% 1.00-1.07, p 0.021) and cyclophosphamide exposure (OR 2.97, CI 95% 1.49-5.88, p 0.002) were related to SLICC-SDI ≥3.

Conclusion: In our sample of patients, current smoking, older age, disease duration and cyclophosphamide were related to severe damage (SLICC-SDI ≥3).

Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus; damage; smoking.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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