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. 2025 Apr;48(4):1005-1015.
doi: 10.1007/s40618-024-02500-5. Epub 2024 Nov 19.

Lactobacillus murinus alleviates insulin resistance via promoting L-citrulline synthesis

Jianglan Long  1 , Zhe Shi  1 , Zenghui Miao  1 , Linjie Dong  1 , Dan Yan  2
Affiliations

Lactobacillus murinus alleviates insulin resistance via promoting L-citrulline synthesis

Jianglan Long et al. J Endocrinol Invest. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Aims: The role of Lactobacillus murinus as a potential probiotic is being explored. Our objectives were to explore the effects of Lactobacillus murinus on insulin resistance and the underlying mechanism.

Methods: Insulin resistance animal models were applied to study the effect of L. murinus and the underlying mechanism by six weeks of treatment. Metformin was administered in vitro to analyze the growth and metabolites of L. murinus. Serum metabolites were further analyzed after L. murinus administration. The effect of L-citrulline and the underlying mechanism in alleviating insulin resistance were evaluated.

Results: L. murinus not only reduced body weight gain and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) but improved impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and insulin resistance. Moreover, L. murinus inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) while promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10). Further, L. murinus promoted the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) while inhibited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). A total of 147 metabolites of L. murinus were identified, in which the content of L-citrulline increased to 7.94 times after metformin regulation. Further, the serum concentration of L-citrulline significantly increased after L. murinus administration. Similarly, L-citrulline reduced body weight gain and PBG, improved IGT and insulin resistance. Additionally, L-citrulline improved inflammation, promoted CPT1 while inhibited PCK and G6Pase.

Conclusions: L. murinus mediated by L-citrulline alleviated insulin resistance via promoting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting gluconeogenesis, suggesting that supplementation of L. murinus could be a potential therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes related to insulin resistance.

Keywords: Lactobacillus murinus; Impaired glucose tolerance; Insulin resistance; L-citrulline; Probiotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: All authors have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee (approval No. MDKN-2022-009).

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