Towards Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Contributions of Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Abstract

There is no simple blood test for autism. Consequently, much attention has been paid to identifying noninvasive biomarkers using imaging (e.g., Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) and electrophysiological (e.g., electroencephalography, EEG and magnetoencephalography, MEG) methods. While, in general, these lack direct biological specificity, they can (in principle) provide a useful tool, or suite of tools, for diagnostic, prognostic, stratification, and response monitoring purposes.This chapter focuses on the pursuit of biomarkers using magnetoencephalography (MEG). While closely related to the more common electroencephalography (EEG), MEG offers some unique characteristics (such as improved spatial resolution, in combination with real-time temporal resolution and spectral discrimination), that might be considered impactful in the pursuit of biomarkers.Given the widely-acknowledged heterogeneity of ASD ("if you've seen one child with autism, then you've seen one child with autism"), the tide of research is perhaps shifting away from diagnostic biomarkers toward biomarkers that can help stratify patients according to some similarity in biological basis, etiology, or pathway. This approach, somewhat pragmatic, may be of benefit when designing and conducting clinical trials of putative therapeutics, or when optimally designing behavioral supports (when "therapy" may not be indicated).Ultimately, MEG-derived biomarkers, however advantageous in themselves, may likely find a place as reference in the prioritization and roll-out of candidate biomarkers established using other modalities, more accessible and available to the global community.

Keywords: Biomarker; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); Magnetoencephalography (MEG).