Time from treatment initiation to HIV viral suppression in public care facilities in Brazil: A nationwide linked databases cohort

Abstract

Objectives: To analyze the time between antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and the first HIV viral load (VL) test <40 copies-time to suppression (TS)-in a cohort of persons aged ≥15 years, between 2015-2018 in outpatient HIV care facilities of the Brazilian Unified Health System, as well as to analyze whether individual and facility characteristics accelerate or delay TS.

Methods: This was a cohort study with data from a linkage of national HIV databases, following a previously published procedure. Two types of variables were examined: individual-level (sex, age group, race/skin color, education, baseline CD4 cell count and VL, initial ART regimen, adherence, ART regimen change and number of VL tests until suppression) and facility-level (national and metropolitan region, caseload). Multilevel parametric accelerated failure time survival models were used. Fixed and random effects were analyzed through null, sociodemographic, combined sociodemographic and clinical, and facility-related variables, adjusted for the number of VL tests until suppression. Likelihood, interquartile range, and proportion of change in variance were used for comparisons.

Results: Of 132,540 participants, 89.4% (114,696) achieved viral suppression: 20.8% within three months, and 56.4% within six months. Median TS was 161 days, varying from 31 to 1,426 days, depending on the time interval between initiation and VL testing. Among those who had VL testing within 66 days, median TS was 55 days. All individual and facility-related variables were associated with TS, explaining the 16.2% and 13.2% variability, respectively.

Conclusions: This was the first Brazilian nationwide cohort to analyze TS. It is also one of the largest operational cohorts globally to assess healthcare facility characteristics. The findings indicated that both individual and facility-related characteristics contribute to TS. Strengthening VL monitoring should be included as part of a coordinated effort to improve the quality of care provided for people living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil.

Fig 1. Theoretical model of clinical outcome production in HIV infection treatment.

Fig 2. Distribution of time to VS, in days, Qualiaids-Brazil Cohort, 2015–2018 (N = 128,360).

Fig 3. SUS HIV treatment facilities and number of individuals included in the cohort who initiated ART in 2015–2018, categorized by macro-region of the country.

Qualiaids-Brazil Cohort, 2022 (N = 941).