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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2024 Nov 19;14(11):e083509.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083509.

Secondary causal mediation analysis of a pragmatic clinical trial to evaluate the effect of chiropractic care for US active-duty military on biopsychosocial outcomes occurring through effects on low back pain interference and intensity

Zacariah K Shannon  1 , Cynthia R Long  2 , Elizabeth Chrischilles  3 , Christine Goertz  4 , Robert Wallace  3 , Carri Casteel  5 , Ryan M Carnahan  3
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Secondary causal mediation analysis of a pragmatic clinical trial to evaluate the effect of chiropractic care for US active-duty military on biopsychosocial outcomes occurring through effects on low back pain interference and intensity

Zacariah K Shannon et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: We evaluate change in low back pain (LBP) intensity and interference as the mechanism by which chiropractic care affects other biopsychosocial factors in US active-duty military members.

Design: We conducted secondary, exploratory mediation analysis of pragmatic, multisite, clinical trial (NCT01692275) post results using natural effect modeling. Mediators were the 6-week values of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29 pain interference and intensity. Outcomes were 12-week values of other PROMIS-29 biopsychosocial subdomains. Models evaluated overall and individual factor contribution and were adjusted for baseline age, sex, LBP duration, LBP intensity and mediator and outcome values.

Setting: Three US military treatment facilities.

Participants: 750 US active-duty military members with LBP.

Interventions: Trial participants received 6 weeks of treatment with chiropractic care plus usual medical care or usual medical care alone.

Results: In multiple mediator models, pain interference and pain intensity explained much of the effect of chiropractic care on physical function (proportion mediated=0.77, 95% CI 0.43 to 2.0), fatigue (0.62, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.0), sleep disturbance (0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.5) and social roles (0.81, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.0). Mental health was not evaluable due to the low prevalence of symptoms reported. The combined models of pain interference and pain intensity did not have a higher proportion mediated than the individual pain intensity models except for fatigue outcome models.

Conclusion: Pain intensity appeared to be the mechanism by which much of the change in biopsychosocial factors occurred and should be considered a key clinical indicator for improvement in biopsychosocial health when chiropractic care is added to usual medical care for US active-duty military members.

Keywords: COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PAIN MANAGEMENT.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Directed acyclic graph displaying the causal assumptions of models examining the mediation of the effect of treatment on biopsychosocial health factors. A: treatment group; M: mediators; Y: outcome; C: confounding factors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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