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. 2024 Dec;43(12):391-404.
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.11.016. Epub 2024 Nov 14.

Global burden of disease attributable to metabolic risk factors in adolescents and young adults aged 15-39, 1990-2021

Xiao-Dong Zhou  1 , Qin-Fen Chen  2 , Giovanni Targher  3 , Christopher D Byrne  4 , Christos S Mantzoros  5 , Huijie Zhang  6 , Amedeo Lonardo  7 , Gregory Y H Lip  8 , Gilda Porta  9 , Anoop Misra  10 , Andrew Gerard Robertson  11 , Fei Luo  12 , Anna Alisi  13 , Wah Yang  14 , Mortada El-Shabrawi  15 , Hazem Al Momani  16 , Virend K Somers  17 , Christos S Katsouras  18 , Nahum Méndez-Sánchez  19 , Sander Lefere  20 , Olivia Szepietowski  21 , Ki-Chul Sung  22 , Nicholas Beng Hui Ng  23 , Luca Valenti  24 , Way Seah Lee  25 , Alice Pik-Shan Kong  26 , Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya  27 , Ponsiano Ocama  28 , Arshad Ali  29 , Octavio Viveiros  30 , John D Ryan  31 , Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo  32 , Nilanka Perera  33 , Karim Ataya  34 , Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok  35 , Jordi Gracia-Sancho  36 , Ala I Sharara  37 , Arun Prasad  38 , Rodolfo J Oviedo  39 , Oral Ospanov  40 , Elena Ruiz-Úcar  41 , Khalid Alswat  42 , Syed Imran Abbas  43 , Tamer N Abdelbaki  44 , Yu Jun Wong  45 , Yasser Fouad  46 , Michael D Shapiro  47 , Flora Bacopoulou  48 , Silvia Sookoian  49 , Mohit Kehar  50 , Wah-Kheong Chan  51 , Sombat Treeprasertsuk  52 , Leon Adams  53 , Serap Turan  54 , Mauricio Zuluaga  55 , Carlos Jose Pirola  56 , Omar Thaher  57 , Gabriel Alejandro Molina  58 , Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev  59 , Said A Al-Busafi  60 , Christopher K Opio  61 , Michelle Ching Lim-Loo  62 , Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana  63 , Lubna Kamani  64 , Ming-Hua Zheng  65
Affiliations

Global burden of disease attributable to metabolic risk factors in adolescents and young adults aged 15-39, 1990-2021

Xiao-Dong Zhou et al. Clin Nutr. 2024 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Metabolic risk factors are a significant cause of global burden among adolescents and young adults, but there is a lack of attention to the burden attributable to these metabolic risk factors globally.

Aims: This study aims to provide comprehensive estimates of five important metabolic risk factors and the attributable disease burden in people aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2021, based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database.

Methods: Global total deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used to describe the burden attributable to five common metabolic risk factors, including high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high body mass index (BMI), and kidney dysfunction, in adolescents and young adults. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of DALYs were utilized to depict the trends from 1990 to 2021.

Results: From 1990 to 2021, the DALY rates attributable to all metabolic risk factors showed a globally significant upward trend, with EAPC reaching 33.0 % (27.4-38.7). Compared to females, males had a heavier burden and a more significant increase in deaths and DALYs attributable to metabolic risk factors. High BMI and high FPG have become the top two metabolic risk factors in 2021, with summary exposure variables (SEV) rising by 84.2 % and 53.6 %, respectively. Low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI), middle SDI, and high SDI regions experienced upward regional trends in DALY rates, while low SDI regions remained stable. Among 204 countries and territories, 101 (49.5 %) showed a significant increase in DALY rates, as indicated by the EAPC.

Conclusions: There is a substantial global burden attributable to metabolic risk factors in adolescents and young adults in 2021, especially high BMI and high FPG. This calls for further investigation and intervention to address this emerging trend.

Keywords: Adolescents and young adults; Global disease burden; Metabolic risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest Christopher D. Byrne has received grant support from Echosens. Ming-Hua Zheng has received honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Hisky Medical Technologies and Novo Nordisk, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Anoop Misra has received honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Lupin, Eli Lilly, US Vitamins, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Wah-Kheong Chan is a consultant or advisory board member for Abbott, Roche, Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk; and a speaker for Abbott, Novo Nordisk, Echosens, Viatris and Hisky Medical. Alice P.S. Kong has received research grants and/or speaker honoraria from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, Merck Serono, Nestle, Novo-Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi and Zuellig Pharma. Sander Lefere has received research grant from Inventiva. Mohit Kehar is a consultant for Mirum. Nicholas Beng Hui Ng has received honoraria from Novo Nordisk and Abbott. No other disclosures were reported.

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