Frequency of anti-MOG antibodies in serum and CSF of patients with possible autoimmune encephalitis: Results from a Brazilian multicentric study

Abstract

Introduction: MOGAD encephalitis and ADEM share several clinical features with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) associated with antineuronal antibodies (ANeA); nonetheless, treatment and prognosis differ. Anti-MOG antibodies (abs) are not routinely tested in possible AE, and epidemiological studies on MOGAD encephalitis are scarce.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of anti-MOG abs in the serum and CSF in a cohort of possible AE and to compare the clinical characteristics of MOGAD patients and those with seropositive AE.

Methods: 481 patients with possible AE from the Brazilian Autoimmune Encephalitis Network underwent tissue-based assay and cell-based assay (CBA) for ANeA. Anti-MOG abs were assessed in serum and CSF with in-house CBA. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of MOGAD and seropositive AE patients were compared.

Results: Of the 481 patients, 87 (18 %) had ANeA, and 17 (3.5 %) had anti-MOG abs. Three AE patients with anti-MOG abs and ANeA were excluded from further analysis. Anti-MOG abs were detected in 4 (1.2 %) of the 328 adults and 10 (6.5 %) of the 153 children. Of the 14 patients with MOGAD, nine had ADEM (mostly children), and five had encephalitis (including three adults). Only one patient with ADEM had anti-MOG abs exclusively in CSF. All patients with MOGAD encephalitis were seropositive for anti-MOG abs, and three had normal brain MRI. Patients with MOGAD had fewer behavioral changes (MOGAD 21 % x AE 96 %, p ≤ 0.0001) and movement disorders (MOGAD 42 % x AE 81 %, p = 0.0017) and more demyelinating symptoms, such as myelitis and optic neuritis (MOGAD 14 % x AE 0 %, p = 0.013).

Conclusion: Approximately 3.5 % of patients with possible AE harbor anti-MOG abs, and 0.9 % of the adults had MOGAD encephalitis. Anti-MOG abs were more frequent than other ANeAs regularly tested in AE. We provide evidence that MOGAD is a differential diagnosis in possible AE, even in adult patients with normal brain MRI, and that serum anti-MOG should be considered as an add-on diagnostic tool in AE among adults and pediatric patients.

Keywords: Anti-MOG; Antineuronal antibodies; Autoimmune encephalitis; MOGAD; MOGAD encephalitis.