Bariatric and endo-bariatric interventions for diabetes: What is the current evidence?

Abstract

Bariatric interventions have shown the best therapeutic benefits in individuals with obesity. They can be classified into surgical procedures (bariatric/metabolic surgery) and endoscopic procedures. Common surgical procedures include sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bilio-pancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch and Stomach Intestinal Pylorus Sparing Surgery. Endoscopic procedures include intragastric balloons, transpyloric shuttle, endoscopic gastroplasties, aspiration therapy, duodenal mucosal resurfacing, duodeno-jejunal bypass liner, gastro-duodeno-jejunal bypass and incisionless magnetic anastomosis system among others. However, these procedures are limited by lack of wide availability, high costs, immediate and long-term complications and poor acceptability in some regions. Weight re-gain is a common concern and revisional metabolic surgery is often required. Appropriate pre-operative evaluation and correction of nutritional deficiencies post-surgery are very important. The most appropriate procedure for a person would depend on multiple factors like the intended magnitude of weight-loss, comorbidities and surgical fitness, as well as choice of the patient. Recently, glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP) and the GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide co-agonist-Tirzepatide have shown remarkable weight loss potential, which is at par with bariatric interventions in some patients. How far these can help in avoiding invasive bariatric procedures in near future remains to be explored. An updated and comprehensive clinical review by He et al in the recent issue of World Journal of Diabetes address has addressed the avenues and challenges of currently available bariatric surgeries which will enable clinicians to make better decisions in their practice, including their applicability in special populations like the elderly and pediatric age groups, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and non-diabetics.

Keywords: Bariatric endoscopy; Bariatric surgery; Metabolic benefits; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of different surgical bariatric surgical procedures. A: Adjustable gastric band; B: Sleeve gastrectomy; C: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; D: Bilio-pancreatic diversion with duodenal switch; E: One-anastomosis gastric bypass; F: Single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of different endoscopic bariatric surgical procedures. A: Intragastric balloon; B: Transplycoric bulb; C: Duodenojejunal bypass liner; D: Percutaneous endoscopic aspiration therapy; E: Duodenal mucosal resurfacing.