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. 2024 Nov 8:12:1467500.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1467500. eCollection 2024.

The impact of skin-to-skin contact upon stress in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit

Halyna Pavlyshyn  1 , Iryna Sarapuk  1 , Uliana Saturska  1
Affiliations

The impact of skin-to-skin contact upon stress in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit

Halyna Pavlyshyn et al. Front Pediatr. .

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal stress significantly affects the early adaptation, maturation and long-term development of preterm infants.

The objective of the study: To investigate the effect of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) on stress level in preterm infants.

Materials and methods: The research was a prospective study. Stress indicators (cortisol, melatonin) were measured before the SSC began (pre-intervention level) and after this intervention (post-intervention).

Results: The study included 150 preterm infants in the NICU with gestational age (GA) ≤36 weeks. Pre-intervention salivary cortisol level was higher in extremely and very preterm neonates compared to moderate and late preterm newborns (p = 0.028), in children with low Apgar scores (p = 0.041), in those who were on mechanical ventilation (p = 0.005), and suffered neonatal sepsis (p = 0.005). Pre-intervention melatonin level was lower in children with low Apgar scores (p = 0.032). Salivary cortisol levels were significantly decreased after SSC in preterm infants [pre-intervention: 0.294 (0.111; 0.854) μg/dL vs. post-intervention: 0.127 (0.070; 0.229) μg/dL, p < 0.001], and urinary melatonin levels were significantly increased after SSC [pre-intervention: 4.01 (2.48; 6.34) ng/mL vs. post-intervention: 5.48 (3.39; 9.17) ng/mL, p < 0.001]. A greater reduction in cortisol levels after skin-to-skin contact was revealed in infants with a lower gestational age (p = 0.022), in boys compared to girls (p = 0.012), in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.048), in those who had mechanical ventilation compared to non-ventilated neonates (p = 0.008), and in infants with seizures (p = 0.036). The melatonin levels increased more intensively in infants with low Apgar scores (p = 0.002), and in those with late-onset sepsis (p = 0.006).

Conclusion: The reduction in cortisol levels and the increase in melatonin levels provided strong evidence that SSC ameliorated the NICU-related stress in preterm infants. We found higher indicators of stress and more dramatic responses to SSC in reducing indicators of stress in infants with lower GA than in infants with higher GA, indicating that SSC may be even more important for lower GA infants. The infants who need SSC the most should not be denied the care they need to reduce the stress they experience from being born too soon and continuing their gestational development in the stressful environment of the NICU.

Keywords: NICU-related stress; cortisol; melatonin; preterm infants; skin-to-skin contact.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Correlation between the salivary cortisol and urinary melatonin levels in preterm infants in the study group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pre- and post-intervention levels of salivary cortisol and urinary melatonin in preterm infants.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pre- and post-intervention salivary cortisol levels in preterm infants depending on the (a) gestational age; (b) presence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); (c) mechanical ventilation; (d) presence of neonatal seizures.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Pre- and post-intervention urinary melatonin levels in preterm infants depending on the (a) Apgar score; (b) presence of late-onset sepsis (LOS).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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