Comprehensive analysis of electrochemical biosensors for early ovarian cancer detection

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women worldwide. However, early detection can significantly reduce mortality rates and mitigate subsequent complications related to both economic burden and mental well-being. Despite the development in the field of medical diagnosis, the death rates due to ovarian cancer have sharply increased. Among the recent technologies suggested as suitable diagnostic techniques for the early detection of ovarian cancer, biosensor technology has emerged as a cutting-edge technology, with electrochemical biosensors providing one of the most efficient types of biosensors. Therefore, this review discusses the application of electrochemical biosensors as a viable alternative to conventional diagnostic techniques for the timely identification of ovarian cancer, its advantages over other types of biosensors and conventional diagnostic techniques, and the types of electrochemical biosensors.

Fig. 1. Challenges facing early detection of ovarian cancer.

Fig. 2. Types of biosensors based on transducer operation.

Fig. 3. The diagram illustrates the structure and components of an electrochemical biosensor. Biological sensing elements connect to electrodes. These devices convert the signal in order to produce a legible output.

Fig. 4. Advantages of using electrochemical biosensors.

Fig. 5. Some ovarian cancer biomakers.

Fig. 6. A schematic illustration of the immunosensor preparation steps. The modification of GCE with 3DrGO-MWCNT-PAMAM/AuNP, sandwich method formation by Ab2-Suc-CS@MNP-TB, and detection of CA125 using SWV. “This figure has been adapted from ref. with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2020”.

Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams of the sensing platform. (a) Synthesis of MoS₂. (b) Modification of AuNFs@MoS₂/CA125 aptamer/MCH for CA125 detection. “This figure has been adapted from ref. with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2023”.

Fig. 8. Preparation steps of materials for CA-125 immunosensor. (A) Synthesis of C-ink and (B) CD. (C) Combined of Ag@PPy/PEG and Ab2 with covalence bond. (D) Electrode of ITO/C-ink/CD/ZnO/Ab1 as free-labeled. (E) Construction of ITO/C-ink/CD/ZnO/CA-125 labeled with Ag@PPy/PEG/Ab2. “This figure has been adapted from ref. with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2023”.

Fig. 9. Schematic representation of (A) the synthesis of l-cysteine functionalized ZnS-QDs and (B) the label free electrochemical genosensor. “This figure has been adapted from ref. with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry”.