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. 2024 Nov 26;24(1):626.
doi: 10.1186/s12905-024-03452-x.

Type of menopause, age of menopause and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study based on data from Rafsanjan cohort study

Zahra Jamali  1   2 , Parvin Khalili  3   4 , Fatemeh Ayoobi  5 , Hajar Vatankhah  2   6 , Ali Esmaeili-Nadimi  1   7 , Faezeh Esmaeili Ranjbar  8 , Mahboubeh Vatanparast  9
Affiliations

Type of menopause, age of menopause and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study based on data from Rafsanjan cohort study

Zahra Jamali et al. BMC Womens Health. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women, but sex-specific risk factors are incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the associations between the type of menopause, and age at natural menopause with the odds of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and coronary heart disease (CHD).

Methods: This cross-sectional study is a part of data from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) which is a branch of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). A sample of 1767 postmenopausal women were included. The diagnosis for CVD and CHD was based on self-report questionnaires. Menopause age was categorized as < 40, 40-44, 45-49, and ≥ 50. Also, the menopause types were classified as natural and induced menopause (surgery or chemotherapy). The association was evaluated by logistic regressions.

Results: The menopause age < 40 years had higher odds of CVD compared to women with menopause age > 40 years (OR: 2.66; 95%CI 1.29-5.48). Women with induced menopause had higher odds of CVD compared to women with natural menopause (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.04-1.98). In terms of the odds of CHD, the results showed that the odds of CHD increased in menopause age < 40 years and induced menopause compared to reference groups (OR: 2.49, 95% CI 1.15-5.37, OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.06-2.07, respectively).

Conclusion: Premature menopause and induced menopause should be considered as important risk factors for CVD, and CHD. Health policymakers should pay more attention to the type of menopause and the age of menopause in postmenopausal women to predict the risk of CVD and preventive strategies.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Coronary disease; Early menopause; Menopause; Premature menopause; Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (PERSIAN); Rafsanjan cohort study (RCS).

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (Ethical codes: ID: IR.RUMS.REC.1400.145). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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