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Review
. 2024 Nov 17;13(22):3656.
doi: 10.3390/foods13223656.

Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in Food, Feed, and Medicine

Maria P Spínola  1   2 , Ana R Mendes  1   2   3 , José A M Prates  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in Food, Feed, and Medicine

Maria P Spínola et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) is a microalga recognised for its rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds, making it a valuable functional food, feed, and therapeutic agent. This review examines spirulina's chemical composition, including its high levels of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, such as the phycocyanin pigment, polysaccharides, and carotenoids, in food, feed, and medicine. These compounds exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects. Spirulina's potential to mitigate oxidative stress, enhance immune function, and inhibit tumour growth positions it as a promising candidate for preventing chronic diseases. Additionally, spirulina is gaining interest in the animal feed sector as a promotor of growth performance, improving immune responses and increasing resistance to diseases in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. Despite its well-documented health benefits, future research is needed to optimize production/cultivation methods, improve its bioavailability, and validate its efficacy (dose-effect relationship) and safety through clinical trials and large-scale human trials. This review underscores the potential of spirulina to address global health and nutrition challenges, supporting its continued application in food, feed, and medicine.

Keywords: Limnospira platensis; anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; bioactive compounds; feed; food; immunomodulatory effects; medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical composition, bioactive compounds, effects, and applications of spirulina microalga.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SWOT analysis summarizing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with Spirulina utilization.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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