Trends in Global Burden of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose, 1990-2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Alzheimer's disease and other dementias represent some of the leading public health concerns worldwide. This study aimed to assess the global burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in the last decades. Materials and Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data about deaths and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were used. All figures were presented as age-standardized rates (ASRs). The average annual percent change (AAPC) was computed using the Joinpoint regression analysis. Also, age-period-cohort analysis was performed. Results: A total of 2 million deaths from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were reported worldwide in 2021, whereby the total number deaths from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose was 290,032 (98,900 males and 191,132 females) in 2021. The highest ASRs of burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose were found in Afghanistan, Iraq, Morocco, Qatar, and the United States of America, while the lowest ASRs were in Belarus and Mongolia. From 1990 to 2021, a significant increase (p < 0.001) was noted in ASRs of deaths and DALYs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose. Looking at the GBD regions, the trends in ASRs for mortality and for DALYs of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose between 1990 and 2021 showed a growth 10-fold faster in High-income North America (AAPC = 2.0%, for both equally) and Central Asia (AAPC = 2.4% and AAPC = 2.5%, respectively) than in the region of High-income Asia Pacific (AAPC = 0.1% and AAPC = 0.2%, respectively). The relative risk of mortality and DALYs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.0001) period and cohort effects, and net drift and local drifts. Conclusions: This study showed an increase in the global burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in the last decades. Future successful entire-population strategies targeting high fasting plasma glucose may reduce the burden of a wide range of these diseases.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; burden; high fasting plasma glucose; trends.

Figure 1

Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: number of total deaths and deaths attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, in the world, 1990–2021.

Figure 2

Number of deaths (A) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years—DALYs (B) of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, in all ages and both sexes together, by locations, 2021.

Figure 3

Age-standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000) of deaths (A) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years—DALYs (B) of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, in all ages and both sexes together, by locations, 2021.

Figure 4

Global burden (mortality, Disability-Adjusted Life Years = DALYs) of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, by sexes, 1991–2020; an age-period-cohort analysis.