Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Comparative Study
. 2024 Nov 5;29(22):5235.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29225235.

A Comparison of the Impacts of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Organic Compounds in Ginseng

Yun Xiang  1 , Manshu Zou  1 , Feilin Ou  1 , Lijun Zhu  1 , Yingying Xu  1 , Qingqing Zhou  1 , Chang Lei  1
Affiliations
Comparative Study

A Comparison of the Impacts of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Organic Compounds in Ginseng

Yun Xiang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a valuable plant resource which has been used for centuries as both food and traditional Chinese medicine. It is popular in health research and markets globally. Fresh ginseng has a high moisture content and is prone to mold and rot, reducing its nutritional value without proper preservation. Drying treatments are effective for maintaining the beneficial properties of ginseng post-harvest. In this study, we investigated the effects of natural air drying (ND), hot-air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ginseng. The results showed that the MVD time was the shortest, followed by the VFD, VD, and HAD times, whereas the ND time was the longest, but the VFD is the most beneficial to the appearance and color retention of ginseng. A total of 72 VOCs were obtained and 68 VOCs were identified using the five drying methods based on gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, including 23 aldehydes, 19 alkenes, 10 alcohols, 10 ketones, 4 esters, 1 furan, and 1 pyrazine, and the ND method was the best for retaining VOCs. GC-IMS fingerprints, principal component analysis (PCA), Euclidean distance analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and cluster analysis (CA) can distinguish ginseng from different drying methods. A total of 29 VOCs can be used as the main characteristic markers of different drying methods in ginseng. Overall, our findings provide scientific theoretical guidance for optimizing ginseng's drying methods, aromatic health effects, and flavor quality research.

Keywords: CA; Euclidean distance; GC-IMS; PCA; PLS-DA; ginseng; volatile organic compounds.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Appearance of ginseng using different drying methods.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Three-dimensional (a) and two-dimensional (b,c) topographic plots of VOCs in ginseng with different drying methods.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Three-dimensional (a) and two-dimensional (b,c) topographic plots of VOCs in ginseng with different drying methods.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The VOCs fingerprints of ginseng with different drying methods.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA score plot.
Figure 5
Figure 5
PCA 3D scatter plot.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Fingerprint similarity based on Euclidean distance of different samples.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The PLS-DA score plots of region multi-classification (a); VIP diagram of the PLS-DA model (b); the permutation test results (n = 200) of the PLS-DA model (c).
Figure 7
Figure 7
The PLS-DA score plots of region multi-classification (a); VIP diagram of the PLS-DA model (b); the permutation test results (n = 200) of the PLS-DA model (c).
Figure 8
Figure 8
CA of characteristic VOCs in ginseng with different drying methods.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Su J., Su Q., Hu S., Ruan X., Ouyang S. Research Progress on the Anti-Aging Potential of the Active Components of Ginseng. Nutrients. 2023;15:3286. doi: 10.3390/nu15153286. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu S., Liu F., Wang T., Liu J., Hu C., Sun L., Wang G. Polysaccharides Extracted from Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes. Front. Pharmacol. 2021;12:734394. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734394. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Xu H.Y., Li Q.C., Zhou W.J., Zhang H.B., Chen Z.X., Peng N., Gong S.Y., Liu B., Zeng F. Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Aging Effects of Probiotic Fermented Ginseng by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2023;78:320–328. doi: 10.1007/s11130-023-01055-9. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wang H., Lv J., Jiang N., Huang H., Wang Q., Liu X. Ginsenoside Re protects against chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive deficits through regulation of NLRP3 and Nrf2 pathways in mice. Phytother. Res. 2021;35:2523–2535. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6947. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhang H., Hu C., Xue J., Jin D., Tian L., Zhao D., Li X., Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother. Res. 2022;36:857–872. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7369. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources