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Review
. 2024 Oct 29;16(11):1688.
doi: 10.3390/v16111688.

Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Evolution, Ecology, and Public Health Strategies in a Changing World

Francesco Branda  1 , Grazia Pavia  2 , Alessandra Ciccozzi  3 , Angela Quirino  2 , Nadia Marascio  2 , Giovanni Matera  2 , Chiara Romano  1 , Chiara Locci  3   4 , Ilenia Azzena  4 , Noemi Pascale  4   5 , Daria Sanna  3 , Marco Casu  4 , Giancarlo Ceccarelli  6 , Massimo Ciccozzi  1 , Fabio Scarpa  3
Affiliations
Review

Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Evolution, Ecology, and Public Health Strategies in a Changing World

Francesco Branda et al. Viruses. .

Retraction in

Abstract

The family Paramyxoviridae includes a number of negative RNA viruses known for their wide host range and significant zoonotic potential. In recent years, there has been a surge in the identification of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, particularly those hosted by bat species, which serve as key reservoirs. Among these, the genera Henipavirus and Pararubulavirus are of particular concern. Henipaviruses, including the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah viruses, have caused severe outbreaks with high mortality rates in both humans and animals. In contrast, zoonotic pararubulaviruses such as the Menangle virus typically induce mild symptoms or remain asymptomatic in human hosts. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution, ecology, and epidemiology of emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses, focusing on recently discovered viruses and their potential to cause future epidemics. We explore the molecular mechanisms underlying host-switching events, viral replication strategies, and immune evasion tactics that facilitate interspecies transmission. In addition, we discuss ecological factors influencing virus emergence, including changes in bat populations and habitats and the role of wildlife-human interfaces. We also examine the public health impact of these emerging viruses, underlining the importance of enhanced surveillance, developing improved diagnostic tools, and implementing proactive strategies to prevent potential outbreaks. By providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances and gaps in knowledge, this review aims to inform future research directions and public health policies related to zoonotic paramyxoviruses.

Keywords: emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses; epidemic potential; wildlife–human interface.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Primary evolutionary theories involved in the generation of new emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses with epidemic potential.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The ecological, environmental, and anthropogenic factors for predicting and mitigating zoonotic risks.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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