Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on COVID-19 symptomatology and severity during five waves

Abstract

Background: SARS-CoV-2 variants have distinct features of transmissibility, infectivity, and aggressiveness that may cause different clinical manifestations. A better understanding of the disease presentation and progression could help to outline more precise preventive and treatment frameworks. This study describes the differences in COVID-19 presentation and outcomes across five variant waves.

Methods: This prospective cohort was conducted in Serrana, São Paulo State, Brazil. Clinical and demographic data was obtained from June 2020 to December 2022 as part of an enhanced health surveillance system for COVID-19, based on increasing access to diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 and patient follow-up. Individuals were assessed for COVID-19 symptoms and comorbidities. Mild cases were followed up for at least 14 days, and severe cases until discharge or death. Samples were genetically sequenced, and variant waves were determined based on global SARS-CoV-2 variant predominance (>90 % sequenced samples), being as follows: Ancestral, Delta, Gamma, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2 waves. The relationship between clinical data and disease outcomes was analyzed in each variant wave.

Results: Patients infected during the Delta wave were the youngest (36.1 ± 18.2 years, p < 0.001). The proportion of female patients was higher across all waves. Positivity rate, disease severity, and COVID-19-related deaths varied among them. Ageusia and anosmia were related to SARS-CoV-2 positivity during the Ancestral, Gamma, and Delta waves but not in Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.2 waves. Diarrhea presented a lower chance of positivity only in Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.2. Dyspnea was the most consistent risk factor for severity across all waves.

Conclusions: Although patients with COVID-19 from different SARS-CoV-2 variants shared some clinical-epidemiological characteristics, each variant presented distinguishable features related to positivity and severity. This could help to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 variants and update recommendations for clinical practice.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Severity; Symptoms.

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of participant selection. ∗Severe cases were defined according to the WHO Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS) as having a score equal or greater than 4 (requiring hospitalization).

Fig. 2

Symptom distribution across SARS-CoV-2 variant waves. ∗Data is shown as the difference in the distribution of the most prevalent symptoms based on each SARS-CoV-2 variant wave from June 2020 to December 2022.