Breathing Pattern Disorder: Introduction and Diagnostics

Abstract

Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) refers to a heterogenous condition, which features altered normal respiratory functioning that cannot be fully attributed to organic causes at the current time. Characteristic symptoms of this condition include dyspnea, and irregular ventilation. The diagnosis of BPD is made utilizing a combination of patient-reported experiences in the form of validated questionnaires, direct observation by experienced clinicians, and objective testing in the form of cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Keywords: Breathing Pattern Assessment Tool; Breathing pattern disorder; Breathlessness; Hyperventilation syndrome; Milstein Breathing Pattern Assessment Index; Nijmegen questionnaire; Self-evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire.