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Review
. 2025 Feb;29(1):1-15.
doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.08.001. Epub 2024 Oct 28.

The Changing Demographics and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Rushabh Gujarathi  1 , Jeremy A Klein  1 , Chih-Yi Liao  1 , Anjana Pillai  2
Affiliations
Review

The Changing Demographics and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Rushabh Gujarathi et al. Clin Liver Dis. 2025 Feb.

Abstract

The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has shifted significantly in the last 2 decades with non-viral etiologies such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease on the rise. Key factors include the global obesity epidemic and the resurgence of alcohol use disorder, both of which were exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. While these non-viral etiologies of HCC are becoming the leading cause in developed countries, the potential impact of immigration patterns on Hepatitis B virus epidemiology cannot be ignored. The risk of HCC remains significant in individuals with cirrhosis and viral hepatitis after curative treatments.

Keywords: ALD; Epidemiology; HBV; HCC; HCV; MASH; MASLD.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure R. Gujarathi: None; J.A. Klein: None; C-Y. Liao: Consultant for: AstraZeneca, Genentech, Histosonics, Incyte, Ipsen, QED, Transthera, Boston Scientific. Speaker for: AstraZeneca, Incyte. A. Pillai: On the medical advisory board of Exelixis, Genentech, AstraZeneca, Eisai Inc. and on the safety advisory board for Replimune.