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. 2024 Nov 29;17(1):119.
doi: 10.1186/s13045-024-01640-8.

Global burden of cancer and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2021

Zenghong Wu  1 , Fangnan Xia  2 , Rong Lin  3
Affiliations

Global burden of cancer and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2021

Zenghong Wu et al. J Hematol Oncol. .

Abstract

Background: Cancer is the second most common cause of death globally. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate cancer incidence, mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to enhance preventive measures and healthcare resource allocation. This study aimed to assess cancer burden and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories between 1980 and 2021.

Methods: We selected data on cancer incidence and mortality rates and associated risk factors from the global burden of disease (GBD) study tool for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 and 1980 to 2021. We estimated the age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and age-standardized deaths (ASDR) of 34 cancer types categorized as level 3 causes based on the GBD hierarchy.

Results: In 2021, cancer accounted for 14.57% (95% uncertainty interval: 13.65-15.28) of total deaths and 8.8% (7.99-9.67) of total DALYs in both sexes globally. ASIR and ASDR were 790.33 (694.43-893.01) and 116.49 (107.28-124.69), respectively. Additionally, females exhibited higher ASIR than males (923.44 versus 673.09), while males exhibited higher ASDR than females (145.69 versus 93.60). This indicates that policymakers should focus on the importance of gender equality in healthcare. Non-melanoma skin cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (74.10) in both sexes, while digestive cancers accounted for 39.29% of all cancer-related deaths, and Asia exhibited the heaviest cancer burden. In females, breast cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (46.40) and ASDR (14.55). In males, tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (37.85) and ASDR (34.32), highlighting the urgent need for targeted tobacco control measures. Different cancers in various countries exhibit unique characteristics. Therefore, policymakers should formulate specific prevention and control strategies that reflect the cancer in their country. Tobacco was the primary level 2 risk factor for cancer DALYs in males. It accounted for 29.32% (25.32-33.14) of all cancer DALYs. Dietary risks, alcohol consumption, and air pollution accounted for 5.89% (2.01-10.73), 5.48% (4.83-6.11), and 4.30% (2.77-5.95) of male cancer DALYs, respectively. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize smoking regulation and other carcinogenic risks.

Conclusion: Cancer is a significant public health concern globally. Understanding the common etiologies of different cancers is essential for developing effective control strategies and targeted interventions.

Keywords: Cancer; GBD; Global; Incidence; Mortality.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Lin rong acting as the submission's guarantor responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Differences in incidence rate and proportion of cancer cases among males and females
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Trends in cancer rates and age-standardized changes globally. Up. The rate of cancer incidence and age-standardized changes from 1990 to 2021; below, the rate of cancer deaths and age-standardized changes from 1980 to 2021
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Cancer count of different age groups and sexes globally. Up. Rate of cancer incidence by age groups from 1990 to 2021; below, rate of cancer deaths by age groups from 1980 to 2021
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
ASIR and deaths rate in 204 countries and territories in 2021. A. Age-standardized incidence rate; B. Age-standardized death rate
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
ASIR and death rate change trends in females and males among global and sociodemographic indexes
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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