Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes) Derived From Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Literature Review

Abstract

Background: There are exciting advances in the field of exosomes research as a potential regenerative therapy. Platelet-rich plasma represents an abundant source of exosomes.

Aim: To present evidence on the use of platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes in dermatology and discuss current technical limitations.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using Embase (Ovid), Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov in June 2024.

Results: Platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes contain a myriad of growth factors, genetic materials, and lipids that mediate paracrine signaling. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated their potential in wound healing. This includes faster wound contraction in diabetic animal models, as well as enhanced angiogenesis, increased cell proliferation and migration, and protection against hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. A case study reported a topical platelet-derived exosome product tried successfully in a patient with persistent scalp wounds. In contrast, there is scarce information on the use of platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes in hair growth and skin rejuvenation. Isolation techniques, activation methods, and methods of delivery have not been optimized, which warrants further research. Novel delivery methods, such as hydrogel-based preparations, may enable the topical application of exosomes.

Conclusion: Exosomes derived from platelet-rich plasma have demonstrated therapeutic potential. More research is needed to standardize its use.

Keywords: alopecia; cosmetic dermatology; wound healing.

FIGURE 1

An overview of the biological characteristics of exosomes. Exosomes can be identified through their size (30–150 nm) and molecular markers (CD9, CD63, CD1, flotillin‐1, TSG101, Alix) [6]. Exosomes can be extracted from cells, non‐cells (platelets), and alternative sources (milk, plant extracts) [6, 7, 8]. Exosome cargos include growth factors, genetic materials, and lipids that function in wound‐healing, hair growth, collagen synthesis and regulating inflammation [6, 7, 8]; the type of cargo contained in exosomes is reflective of their origin. The protein corona—molecules that adhere around exosomes from its environment—also influences their characteristics and function [28]. Illustration created using Figdraw.

FIGURE 2

Clinical translation challenges of PRP‐derived exosomes.