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. 2024 Dec 5;19(12):e0315081.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315081. eCollection 2024.

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults self-confined at home during a COVID-19 national lockdown

Pedro Brotons  1   2   3 , María Cisneros  1 , Amaresh Pérez-Argüello  1 , Desiree Henares  1   2 , Aleix Lluansí  1 , Mariona Fernández de Sevilla  1   2   4   5 , Pilar Ciruela  2   6 , Miguel Blanco-Fuertes  1   2 , Cristian Launes  1   2   4   5 , Iolanda Jordan  1   5   7 , Quique Bassat  2   4   8   9   10 , Juan José García-García  1   2   4   5 , Carmen Muñoz-Almagro  1   2   3
Affiliations

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults self-confined at home during a COVID-19 national lockdown

Pedro Brotons et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Despite growing evidence of reduced invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease attributed to public health measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of these measures on pneumococcal carriage remains unclear. This study aimed to assess pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children and adults self-confined at home during the COVID-19 national lockdown in Spain while identifying predictors of pneumococcal carriage in children.

Methods: Household study conducted across the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) between April-June 2020. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from young children and adults for real-time PCR pneumococcal lytA and wgz gene detection, quantification, and serotyping, as well as for detection of respiratory viruses.

Results: Among 332 children (median age: 3.1 years [IQR: 1.9-4.0 years]; 59% male) and 278 adults (median age: 38.9 years [IQR: 36.1-41.3 years]; 64% female), pneumococcal carriage rates were 28.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Highly invasive serotypes 3, 7F/7A, and 19A were detected in 14.0% of samples from children carriers. Pneumococcal co-infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and influenza virus (IV) were not identified in children. Attendance to kindergarten before the lockdown (aOR: 2.65; IQR: 1.57-4.47; p<0.001) and household crowding (aOR: 1.85; IQR: 1.09-3.15; p = 0.02) were independent risk factors for children's pneumococcal carriage.

Conclusions: Pneumococcal carriage rate among quarantined children during a full COVID-19 lockdown was moderate and correlated with limited presence of highly invasive serotypes and absence of pneumococcal co-infections with RSV, hMPV, and IV. Pre-lockdown daycare and household crowding predisposed children to carriage.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Distribution of pneumococcal serotypes in children and adults.
* Including one serotype 3, one serotype 7F/7A, and one serotype 23A detected in adults.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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