A Comprehensive Review of the Antimicrobial Effects of Hibiscus Species

Abstract

Hibiscus, particularly Hibiscus sabdariffa, is a flowering plant known for its bright red calyxes and diverse uses in traditional medicine. Historically, cultures throughout Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean have utilized hibiscus for its health benefits, including its role in treating high blood pressure, digestive problems, and skin conditions. The rich phytochemical profile of hibiscus, particularly its high content of anthocyanins and flavonoids, has attracted increasing scientific interest, particularly with regard to its antimicrobial properties. Research shows that hibiscus extracts possess significant antimicrobial activities against various pathogens, including bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and fungi such as Candida albicans. The active ingredients in hibiscus are believed to disrupt microbial membranes, inhibit enzyme activity, and effectively scavenge free radicals, thereby exerting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects. The promising antimicrobial properties of hibiscus suggest numerous potential applications, particularly in food preservation, natural antimicrobial agents, and adjunctive therapies for infection control. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific mechanisms of action, optimizing extraction methods for maximum effectiveness, and conducting clinical trials to validate effectiveness in different settings. Additionally, exploring the inclusion of hibiscus in health products, such as wound dressings and topical treatments, could open up new avenues for natural health solutions. Overall, hibiscus represents a valuable opportunity to advance antimicrobial strategies in a world increasingly wary of antibiotic resistance.

Keywords: antibacterial effects; antimicrobial; hibiscus sabdariffa; infection; traditional uses.

Figure 1. Different mechanisms of antimicrobial action of Hibiscus extracts