Microbiota transplantation

Abstract

Microbiota refers to a collection of living microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and viruses, that coexist in various sites of the human body. Microbiota can perform multiple functions in the body, which have an essential effect on human health and homeostasis. For example, the microbiota can digest polysaccharides, produce vitamins, modulate the immune system, and protect the body against pathogens. Various factors can occasionally alter the microbiota population in the human body, a condition known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can disrupt the homeostasis of a person's body and cause disease. Recent years have witnessed efforts to restore the microbiota population of an individual's body to its original state and eradicate dysbiosis through microbiota transplantation. The noteworthy point is that different methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation, vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT), skin microbiota transplantation (SMT), oral microbiota transplantation (OMT), washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), and sinonasal microbiota transplantation (SiMT) are used for microbiota transplantation (MT). According to the results of studies and the usefulness of MT in improving a person's health, the purpose of this study is to investigate different methods of MT to eliminate dysbiosis.

Keywords: Dysbiosis; FMT; MT; Microbiota; OMT; SMT; SiMT; VMT; WMT.

Fig. 1

A. Stool preparation and methods of transferring FMT to the patient; B. Modified stool preparation in WMT and methods of transferring WMT to the patient with H.pylori infection. NS: Normal saline.

Fig. 2

A. Direct transmission of vaginal secretions from a healthy person to a person with BV; B. Culture and purification of microbiota and transfer to a patient with BV as a suppository or capsule. NS: Normal Saline; BV: Bacterial Vaginosis.

Fig. 3

A. Direct transfer of microbiota from the skin of a healthy person to a particular area of the skin of a patient; B. Culture and purification of microbiota and use as pro and postbiotics in cosmetics and hygiene; C. Feeding the patients with foods containing prebiotics to increase the growth of beneficial microbiota in the patient's skin.

Fig. 4

A. Collecting the microbiota of the supragingival and transferring it to the patient using a nylon swab; B. Collecting the microbiota of the supragingival or subgingival and transferring it to the patient (hypothetical methods of OMT). NS: Normal Saline.

Fig. 5

Collection of beneficial nasal microbiota from a healthy person and transferring the nasal discharge (raw lavage fluid) to a patient with CRSsNP. CRSsNP: Chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.