Heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effect of age and the derivation of normal ranges for tests of autonomic function

Abstract

The diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy frequently depends on results of tests which elicit reflex changes in heart rate. Few well-documented normal ranges are available for these tests. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of age upon heart rate variability at rest and in response to a single deep breath, the Valsalva manoeuvre, and standing. A computerised method of measurement of R-R interval variation was used to study heart rate responses in 310 healthy subjects aged 18-85 years. Heart rate variation during each procedure showed a skewed distribution and a statistically significant negative correlation with age. Normal ranges (90% and 95% confidence limits) for subjects aged 20-75 years were calculated for heart rate difference (max-min) and ratio (max/min) and standard deviation (SD). Heart rate responses were less than the 95th centile in at least one of the four procedures in 39 (12.6%) out of the 310 subjects, and were below this limit in two or more tests in five (1.6%) subjects. In view of the decline in heart rate variation with increasing age, normal ranges for tests of autonomic function must be related to the age of the subject.