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Review
. 2024 Nov-Dec;44(6):771-783.
doi: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.011. Epub 2024 Dec 6.

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome definition and its role in the prevention, risk staging, and treatment. An opportunity for the Nephrology

Aleix Cases  1 , Jose Jesus Broseta  2 , Maria Marqués  3 , Secundino Cigarrán  4 , Juan Carlos Julián  5 , Roberto Alcázar  6 , Alberto Ortiz  7
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome definition and its role in the prevention, risk staging, and treatment. An opportunity for the Nephrology

Aleix Cases et al. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2024 Nov-Dec.
Free article

Abstract

The recent conceptualization of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome by the American Heart Association (AHA) opens an opportunity for a multidisciplinary and lifelong approach in the risk stratification, early prevention, and treatment of the vicious circle generated by the interaction of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic risk factors and aggravated by the development of cardiovascular diseases (including their full spectrum: heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease), chronic kidney disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the excess or dysfunctional adiposity as the trigger. Three publications offer the rational basis of a conceptual decalogue and action plan and a new cardiovascular risk stratification equation since the age of 30 that includes measures of renal function/damage, among others, to promote effective cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic prevention. In Spain, we must leverage this momentum to adapt these new concepts to our reality with greater and improved collaboration between primary care and the specialties involved in CKM syndrome, including the formation of multidisciplinary units for the optimal management using a patient-centred approach.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Enfermedad cardiovascular; Enfermedad renal crónica; Metabolic syndrome; Obesidad; Obesity; Síndrome metabólico.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest AC has received research grants from CSL Vifor and conference or consultancy fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Esteve, GSK, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Sanofi (Mexico) and Vifor Pharma. JJB has received fees from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Esteve, CSL Vifor, Kyowa Kirin, Chiesi and Daichii-Sankyo. MM has received fees for collaboration in teaching, training and/or scientific guidance from Alexion, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Vifor, Esteve, GSK, Janssen Cilag, Mundifarma and Novo Nordisk. SC has received conference fees from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Roche and Chiesi. JCJ declares that he has received fees for sitting on advisory boards for Pfizer, Novartis and Travere; that the entity he works for (Federación Nacional de Asociaciones ALCER [National Federation of Associations for the Fight against Kidney Diseases]) has received income for his participation as a speaker from the following companies: AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer and Ipsen, on Steering Committees or Advisory Boards from the following companies: Pfizer, BMS, CSL Vifor, GSK, Ipsen and Novartis; and that said entity has also received contributions under the Patronage Law from the companies Astellas, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Chiesi, CSL Vifor, Diaverum, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Ipsen, Novartis, Palex, Pfizer and Sanofi. RA has received fees for continuing medical education activities from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, Bayer, CSL Vifor and Novo Nordisk, and has served on advisory boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca and Bayer. AO has received grants from Sanofi and fees for consultancy and lectures, as well as travel expenses from Adviccene, Alexion, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Mundipharma, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, Freeline, Idorsia, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, Sysmex and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma and Spafarma; in addition, he is Director of the UAM-AstraZeneca Chair of chronic kidney disease and electrolytes; and holds shares in Telara Farma.

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