International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice

Serena Porcari¹, Benjamin H Mullish², Francesco Asnicar³, Siew C Ng⁴, Liping Zhao⁵, Richard Hansen⁶, Paul W O'Toole⁷, Jeroen Raes⁸, Georgina Hold⁹, Lorenza Putignani¹⁰, Christian Lodberg Hvas¹¹, Georg Zeller¹², Omry Koren¹³, Hein Tun¹⁴, Mireia Valles-Colomer¹⁵, Maria Carmen Collado¹⁶, Monika Fischer¹⁷, Jessica Allegretti¹⁸, Tariq Iqbal¹⁹, Benoit Chassaing²⁰, Josbert Keller²¹, Simon Mark Baunwall²², Maria Abreu²³, Giovanni Barbara²⁴, Faming Zhang²⁵, Francesca Romana Ponziani²⁶, Sam P Costello²⁷, Sudarshan Paramsothy²⁸, Dina Kao²⁹, Colleen Kelly¹⁸, Juozas Kupcinskas³⁰, Ilan Youngster³¹, Francesco Franceschi³², Sahil Khanna³³, Maria Vehreschild³⁴, Alexander Link³⁵, Flavio De Maio³⁶, Edoardo Pasolli³⁷, Aitor Blanco Miguez³, Patrizia Brigidi³⁸, Brunella Posteraro³⁹, Franco Scaldaferri¹, Mirjana Rajilic Stojanovic⁴⁰, Francis Megraud⁴¹, Peter Malfertheiner⁴², Luca Masucci³⁶, Manimozhiyan Arumugam⁴³, Nadeem Kaakoush⁴⁴, Eran Segal⁴⁵, Jasmohan Bajaj⁴⁶, Rupert Leong⁴⁷, John Cryan⁴⁸, Rinse K Weersma⁴⁹, Robert Knight⁵⁰, Francisco Guarner⁵¹, Fergus Shanahan⁴⁸, Patrice D Cani⁵², Eran Elinav⁵³, Maurizio Sanguinetti³⁶, Willem M de Vos⁵⁴, Emad El-Omar⁵⁵, Joel Dorè⁵⁶, Julian Marchesi⁵⁷, Herbert Tilg⁵⁸, Harry Sokol⁵⁹, Nicola Segata⁶⁰, Giovanni Cammarota¹, Antonio Gasbarrini¹, Gianluca Ianiro⁶¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
² Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
³ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
⁴ Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NY, USA.
⁶ Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
⁷ APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁸ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.
⁹ Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁰ Unit of Microbiomics and Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark.
¹² Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹³ Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
¹⁴ The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
¹⁵ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; MELIS Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁶ Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
¹⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
²⁰ Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France.
²¹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²² Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²³ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁴ IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁵ Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²⁶ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Liver Unit-Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁸ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
²⁹ Edmonton FMT program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
³⁰ Gastroenterology Department and Institute for Digestive Research; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, Lithuania.
³¹ Division of Pediatrics and the Center for Microbiome Research, Shamir Medical Center, Israel, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
³² Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
³³ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
³⁴ Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department II of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
³⁷ University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy.
³⁸ Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴¹ INSERM U1312 BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁴² Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; LMU, University Clinic, Medical Department II, Munich, Germany.
⁴³ Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁴⁴ School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁵ Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
⁴⁶ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; MQ Health, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁸ APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁴⁹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵¹ Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵² Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
⁵³ Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
⁵⁴ Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁵ Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
⁵⁶ MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France.
⁵⁷ Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵⁸ Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁵⁹ MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France; Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Center for Microbiome MedICIsne (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France.
⁶⁰ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
⁶¹ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: gianluca.ianiro@unicatt.it.

PMID: 39647502
PMCID: PMC12343204 (available on 2026-02-01)
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00311-X

Review

International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice

Serena Porcari et al. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025 Feb.

. 2025 Feb;10(2):154-167.

doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00311-X. Epub 2024 Dec 5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
² Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
³ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
⁴ Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NY, USA.
⁶ Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
⁷ APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁸ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.
⁹ Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁰ Unit of Microbiomics and Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark.
¹² Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹³ Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
¹⁴ The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
¹⁵ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; MELIS Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁶ Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
¹⁷ Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
¹⁸ Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
²⁰ Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France.
²¹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
²² Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²³ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁴ IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁵ Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²⁶ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Liver Unit-Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁸ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
²⁹ Edmonton FMT program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
³⁰ Gastroenterology Department and Institute for Digestive Research; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, Lithuania.
³¹ Division of Pediatrics and the Center for Microbiome Research, Shamir Medical Center, Israel, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
³² Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
³³ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
³⁴ Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department II of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
³⁷ University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy.
³⁸ Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴¹ INSERM U1312 BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁴² Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; LMU, University Clinic, Medical Department II, Munich, Germany.
⁴³ Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁴⁴ School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁵ Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
⁴⁶ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; MQ Health, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
⁴⁸ APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁴⁹ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵¹ Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain.
⁵² Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
⁵³ Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
⁵⁴ Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁵ Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
⁵⁶ MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France.
⁵⁷ Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵⁸ Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁵⁹ MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France; Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Center for Microbiome MedICIsne (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France.
⁶⁰ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
⁶¹ Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: gianluca.ianiro@unicatt.it.

PMID: 39647502
PMCID: PMC12343204 (available on 2026-02-01)
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00311-X

Abstract

There is growing interest in the potential exploitation of the gut microbiome as a diagnostic tool in medicine, but evidence supporting its clinical usefulness is scarce. An increasing number of commercial providers offer direct-to-consumer microbiome diagnostic tests without any consensus on their regulation or any proven value in clinical practice, which could result in considerable waste of individual and health-care resources and potential drawbacks in the clinical management of patients. We convened an international multidisciplinary expert panel to standardise best practices of microbiome testing for clinical implementation, including recommendations on general principles and minimum requirements for their provision, indications, pre-testing protocols, method of analyses, reporting of results, and potential clinical value. We also evaluated current knowledge gaps and future directions in this field. We aimed to establish a framework to regulate the provision of microbiome testing and minimise the use of inappropriate tests and pave the way for the evidence-based development and use of human microbiome diagnostics in clinical medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests JA received research support from Pfizer, Janssen, and Merck; has been a speaker for BMS, AbbVie, and Janssen; and reports consultancy with Janssen, Pfizer, AbbVie, Seres Therapeutics, Ferring, GSK, Merck, Bristol Myer Squibb Roivant, and Adiso. JB received grants to institution from Bausch, Grifols, Mallinckrodt, Cosmo, and Sequana and received personal fees for acting as has consultant for Merz and Novo Nordisk. PDC was co-founder of The Akkermansia Company and Enterosys. WMdV was co-founder and shareholder of The Akkermansia Company (Belgium), Caelus Pharmaceuticals (Netherlands) and Alba Health (Copenhagen-Stockholm). EE is a scientific cofounder of DayTwo and BiomX and is an advisor to Purposebio, Aposense, Zoe, and MyGutly. FG has received personal fees for acting as speaker and consultant from Biocodex, Danone, BioGaia, Menarini, and Sanofi. CLH received lecture honoraria from Baxter, Janssen, BMS, and Tillotts. SK received research support from Rebioitx/Ferring, Vedanta, Finch, Seres, and Pfizer and served as consultant for ProbioTech, Takeda, and Rise. OK is a co-founder of Shela Accurate Diagnosis (Israel). JKu received travel support and speaker fees from Ferring, AbbVie, KRKA, Takeda, Janssen, Pfizer, and Ipsen. RL received research funding from Celltrion, Shire, Janssen, Takeda, Gastroenterological Society of Australia, NHMRC, Gutsy Group, Pfizer, Joanna Tiddy grant, and McKusker Charitable Foundation and is an advisory board member for AbbVie, Aspen, BMS, Celgene, Celltrion, Chiesi, Ferring, Glutagen, Hospira, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, and Takeda. PM received speaker honoraria from Aboca, Alfasigma, Allergosan, Bayer, Biocodex, and Menarini and is a member of the advisory board of Aboca, Alfasigma, Allergosan, Bayer, Biocodex, and Menarini. JM has received consultancy fees from Cultech and EnterioBioti. SCN received personal fees for acting as speaker for Ferring, Tillotts, Menarini, Janssen, AbbVie, and Takeda; receives patent royalties through her affiliated institutions and is named inventors of patent applications held by The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Microbiota I-Center that cover the therapeutic and diagnostic use of microbiome; received research grants through her affiliated institutions from Olympus, Ferring, and AbbVie; is a founder member and shareholder of GenieBiome; and has served as an advisory board member for Pfizer, Ferring, Janssen, and AbbVie. SPa reports consultancy for Vedanta Biosciences and received personal fees for acting as speaker and for acting as advisory board member for AbbVie, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring, Janssen, and Takeda. FRP received personal fees for acting as speaker or consultant for AbbVie, Gilead, Roche, Astra Zeneca, Ipsen MSD, Eisai, Kedrion, Bayer, and Alfasigma and is an advisory board member of AbbVie, Gilead, Roche, Astra Zeneca, Ipsen MSD, Eisai, Kedrion, Bayer, and Alfasigma. MRS received personal fees for acting as speaker or advisory board member for Hemofarm, Abela Pharm, and ADOC Pharma. HS reports lecture fee, board membership, or consultancy from Amgen, Fresenius, Ipsen, Actial, Astellas, Danone, THAC, Biose, BiomX, Eligo, Immusmol, Adare, Nestle, Ferring, MSD, Bledina, Pfizer, Biocodex, BMS, Bromatech, Gilead, Janssen, Mayoli, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and AbbVie; has stocks from Enterome bioscience; and is co-founder of Exeliom Biosciences. HTu is a named inventor of patent applications held by the CUHK and MagIC that cover the therapeutic and diagnostic use of microbiome. RKW received unrestricted research grants from Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, Tramedico, and Ferring; received speaker's fees from MSD, AbbVie, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and acted as consultant for Takeda Pharmaceuticals. GZ is named inventor on a patent (EP2955232A1) and received personal fee as member of the scientific advisory board of Alpha Biomics. FZ conceived the concept of GenFMTer and trasnendoscopic enteral tubing and the devices related to them (FMT Medical) and is an advisory board participant for Ferring and Seres. NS reports consultancy or SAB contracts with Zoe, Roche, Ysopia, and Freya, and Alia Therapeutics; speaker fees by Illumina; and is cofounder of PreBiomics. AG reports personal fees for consultancy for Eisai, 3PSolutions, Real Time Meeting, Fondazione Istituto Danone, Sinergie Board MRGE, and Sanofi; personal fees for acting as a speaker for Takeda, AbbVie, and Sandoz; and personal fees for acting on advisory boards for VSL3 and Eisai. GC has received personal fees for acting as advisor for Ferring Therapeutics. GI has received personal fees for acting as speaker for Biocodex, Danone, Sofar, Malesci, Metagenics, Illumina, and Tillotts Pharma and for acting as consultant or advisor for Ferring Therapeutics, Giuliani, Metagenics, and Tillotts Pharma. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice

Affiliations

International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources