Deep learning-based classification of alfalfa varieties: A comparative study using a custom leaf image dataset

Abstract

Deep learning has profoundly impacted agriculture by enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of plant classification tasks. In particular, advanced models have significantly improved the ability to classify various plant species based on their visual features. This study focuses on classifying alfalfa plant varieties using deep learning techniques. We created a custom dataset comprising 1,214 images of three alfalfa varieties (Bilensoy-80, Diana and Nimet) cultivated under controlled conditions. Our comparative study involved several state-of-the-art models, including MobileNetV3, InceptionV3, Xception, VGG19, DenseNet121, ResNet101, and EfficientNetB3, to assess their performance in classifying these alfalfa varieties. We evaluated these models with various configurations: learning rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.000001, batch sizes of 8, 16, 32, and 64, and using dropout with a decay rate of 0.96 and decay steps of 1000. The results revealed that models trained with transfer learning generally achieved higher test accuracies. For instance, DenseNet121 achieved a test accuracy of 0.9945 when trained from scratch and 1.0000 with transfer learning, while EfficientNetB3 achieved a test accuracy of 0.9945 with both methods. The findings underscore the effectiveness of transfer learning in enhancing model performance for plant classification tasks.•The study introduced a unique dataset consisting of 1214 images of three alfalfa varieties (Bilensoy-80, Diana, and Nimet) cultivated under controlled conditions, providing a valuable resource for advancing plant classification research.•The research compared the performance of several state-of-the-art deep learning models (MobileNetV3, InceptionV3, Xception, VGG19, DenseNet121, ResNet101, and EfficientNetB3) with various hyperparameter configurations, demonstrating the effectiveness of different architectures for classifying alfalfa plant varieties.•The study highlighted the superior performance of transfer learning in plant classification tasks, with models like DenseNet121 and EfficientNetB3 achieving near-perfect accuracy, underscoring its potential to significantly enhance model accuracy and efficiency in agricultural applications.

Keywords: Alfalfa plant; Artificial Intelligence; Comparative Deep Learning Model Evaluation; Image classification; Model Evaluation; Plant Classification; Transfer Learning.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Flow chart of the study.

Fig. 2

RGB image setup.

Fig. 3

Image sample of the three alfalfa variety (A) Bilensoy-80 (B) Diana (C) Nimet.

Fig. 4

Convolution neural network architecture.

Fig. 5

The convergence curves of Xception and VGG19.

Fig. 6

The convergence curves of SOTA models.

Fig. 6

The convergence curves of SOTA models.