Epidemiological and Clinical Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Six-Year Study on Age, Antibiotics, and Specimens

Yousef Almoghrabi^#^{1

2}, Hussam Daghistani^#^{1

2}, Hanouf A Niyazi^#³, Hatoon A Niyazi^#³, Hind AbdulMajed^#³, Noha A Juma^#³, Noura Daffa^#³, Noof R Helmi^#³, Mohammed W Al-Rabia^#^{3

4}, Jawahir A Mokhtar^#^{3

5

6}, Bandar Hasan Saleh^#³, Dalya M Attallah⁵, Maram Matar⁵, Hani Ahmed Shukri⁵, Shahd A Moqaddam⁵, Sara Alamoudi⁵, Khalil K Alkuwaity^#^{6

7}, Turki Abujamel^#^{6

7}, Ahmad M Sait^{2

7}, Mohammed Mufrrih^{7

8}, Ibrahim A Al-Zahrani^#^{7

8}, Stephen O'hagan⁹, Mazen A Ismail^#¹⁰, Ohood S Alharbi^#¹¹, Hattan Jamal Momin^#¹², Ibrahim Mohammed Abu^#¹³, Abdelbagi Alfadil^#^{3

4}, Karem Ibrahem³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
² Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Centre of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
¹² Medical Service Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
¹³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39650788
PMCID: PMC11625184
DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S489514

Epidemiological and Clinical Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Six-Year Study on Age, Antibiotics, and Specimens

Yousef Almoghrabi et al. Int J Gen Med. 2024.

. 2024 Dec 3:17:5715-5725.

doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S489514. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
² Regenerative Medicine Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Centre of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Special Infectious Agents Unit BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
¹² Medical Service Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
¹³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39650788
PMCID: PMC11625184
DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S489514

Abstract

Background: This six-year retrospective study provides an in-depth analysis of the epidemiological and clinical patterns associated with Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infections, focusing on age distribution, antibiotic resistance profiles, and specimen types.

Aim: The research examines the incidence and characteristics of both non-Multi-Drug Resistant (non-MDR) and Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) A. baumannii strains by reviewing patient records from January 2016 to December 2022.

Methods: Through a statistical analysis, the study highlights the incidence rates across diverse age groups and explores the impact of antibiotic treatment regimens on infection outcomes. Additionally, it identifies the primary clinical specimen types for each strain, noting an association between non-MDR A. baumannii and midstream urine samples, while MDR A. baumannii strains were more frequently found in respiratory, wound, peripheral, and central line swaps/specimens.

Results: The results indicate that in 2016, non-MDR A. baumannii infections were notably more frequent compared to MDR A. baumannii cases. However, a significant shift occurred in 2021 and 2022, with a marked decrease in non-MDR A. baumannii cases and an increase in MDR A. baumannii infections. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that non-MDR strains were commonly tested against cefazolin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, MDR strains were frequently tested against amikacin, cefepime, colistin, meropenem, imipenem, and tigecycline.

Conclusion: This study enhances the understanding of A. baumannii clinical behaviour and resistance patterns, offering valuable insights to support future research and inform strategies for infectious disease management and control.

Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; MDR; the epidemiological and clinical patterns.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The age distribution of *A. baumannii* infections: non-MDR strains (blue) and MDR strains (red), and the P value ***P <0.001.

**Figure 2**
Comparative age distribution of patients with *A. baumannii* infections non-MDR (blue) and MDR *A. baumannii* infections (red) between 2016 and 2022. The y-axis shows the number of cases, and the X-axis shows the number of years.

**Figure 3**
The yearly distribution of cases for non-MDR (blue) and MDR (red) *A. baumannii* strains from 2016 to 2022. The threshold for the Chi-squared test was set at (−2, 2) for the residual count, with values within this range considered significant, as indicated by the red lines in the figure.

**Figure 4**
Distribution of specimen types for non-MDR (blue) and MDR (red) *A. baumannii* strains across the years from 2016 to 2022, highlighting trends and patterns in specimen collection during this period. The threshold for the Chi-squared test was set at (−2, 2) for the residual count, with values within this range considered significant, as indicated by the red lines in the figure.

**Figure 5**
The most antibiotics tested against non-MDR *A. baumannii* and MDR *A. baumannii* strains from 2016 to 2022. The threshold for the Chi-squared test was set at (−2, 2) for the residual count, with values within this range considered significant, as indicated by the red lines in the figure.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Epidemiological and Clinical Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Six-Year Study on Age, Antibiotics, and Specimens

Affiliations

Epidemiological and Clinical Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Six-Year Study on Age, Antibiotics, and Specimens

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources