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Review
. 2025 Jan;121(1):e17163.
doi: 10.1111/tpj.17163. Epub 2024 Dec 9.

Development of high-throughput tissue culture-free plant transformation systems

Heng Zhong  1 , Sivamani Elumalai  1 , Changbao Li  1 , Wei Liu  1 , Shujie Dong  1 , Qiudeng Que  1
Affiliations
Review

Development of high-throughput tissue culture-free plant transformation systems

Heng Zhong et al. Plant J. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Efficient transformation systems are highly desirable for plant genetic research and biotechnology product development efforts. Tissue culture-free transformation (TCFT) and minimal tissue culture transformation (MTCT) systems have great potential in addressing genotype-dependency challenge, shortening transformation timeline, and improving operational efficiency by greatly reducing personnel and supply costs. The development of Arabidopsis floral dip transformation method almost 3 decades ago has greatly expedited plant genomic research. However, development of efficient TCFT or MTCT systems in non-Brassica species had limited success until recently despite the demonstration of successful in planta transformation in many plant species. In the last few years, there have been some major advances in the development of such systems in several crops using novel approaches. This article will review these new advances and discuss potential areas for further development.

Keywords: crop transformation; herbicide selection; high throughput; in planta regeneration; tissue culture‐free system.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest associated with this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A schematic representation of commonly used explant materials and various tissues and cells targeted for gene delivery and regeneration in TCFT/MTCT systems. Various developmental regulators or morphogenic factors and target tissue treatments are used to enhance transformation efficiency.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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