Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease

Michael T Heneka¹, Wiesje M van der Flier², Frank Jessen³, Jeroen Hoozemanns⁴, Dietmar Rudolf Thal^{5

6

7}, Delphine Boche⁸, Frederic Brosseron⁹, Charlotte Teunissen¹⁰, Henrik Zetterberg¹¹, Andreas H Jacobs¹², Paul Edison¹³, Alfredo Ramirez^{14

15}, Carlos Cruchaga¹⁶, Jean-Charles Lambert¹⁷, Agustin Ruiz Laza¹⁸, Jose Vicente Sanchez-Mut¹⁹, Andre Fischer^{20

21}, Sergio Castro-Gomez^{22

23

24}, Thor D Stein²⁵, Luca Kleineidam^{9

26}, Michael Wagner²⁶, Jonas J Neher^{27

28}, Colm Cunningham^{29

30}, Sim K Singhrao³¹, Marco Prinz^{32

33}, Christopher K Glass^{34

35}, Johannes C M Schlachetzki^{34

36}, Oleg Butovsky³⁷, Kilian Kleemann³⁷, Philip L De Jaeger^{38

39}, Hannah Scheiblich²², Guy C Brown⁴⁰, Gary Landreth⁴¹, Miguel Moutinho⁴¹, Jaime Grutzendler^{42

43}, Diego Gomez-Nicola⁴⁴, Róisín M McManus⁹, Katrin Andreasson⁴⁵, Christina Ising^{15

46}, Deniz Karabag¹⁵, Darren J Baker^{47

48}, Shane A Liddelow^{49

50

51}, Alexei Verkhratsky⁵², Malu Tansey⁵³, Alon Monsonego⁵⁴, Ludwig Aigner⁵⁵, Guillaume Dorothée⁵⁶, Klaus-Armin Nave⁵⁷, Mikael Simons⁵⁸, Gabriela Constantin⁵⁹, Neta Rosenzweig³⁷, Alberto Pascual⁶⁰, Gabor C Petzold^{9

61}, Jonathan Kipnis^{62

63}, Carmen Venegas^{64

65

66}, Marco Colonna⁶², Jochen Walter⁶⁷, Andrea J Tenner^{68

69

70}, M Kerry O'Banion^{71

72}, Joern R Steinert⁷³, Douglas L Feinstein⁷⁴, Magdalena Sastre⁷⁵, Kiran Bhaskar⁷⁶, Soyon Hong⁷⁷, Dorothy P Schafer⁷⁸, Todd Golde^{79

80}, Richard M Ransohoff⁸¹, David Morgan⁸², John Breitner⁸³, Renzo Mancuso^{84

85}, Sean-Patrick Riechers⁶⁴

Affiliations

¹ Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg. michael.heneka@uni.lu.
² Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶ Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁷ Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
⁸ Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
⁹ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine, VUMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹² European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹³ Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹⁴ Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Response in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
¹⁷ Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
¹⁸ ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹ Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Alicante, Spain.
²⁰ Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
²¹ Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
²² Center for Neurology, Clinic of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²³ Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁴ Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁵ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁷ Biomedical Center Munich, Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁸ Neuroimmunology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
²⁹ School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁰ Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³¹ Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
³² Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³³ Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁵ Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁶ Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁸ Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
³⁹ Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Deparment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴¹ School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴³ Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁹ Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵² Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵³ College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
⁵⁵ Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁵⁶ Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
⁵⁷ Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
⁵⁸ Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁵⁹ Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁶⁰ Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Vascular Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶² Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶³ Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶⁴ Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg.
⁶⁵ Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
⁶⁶ Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.
⁶⁷ Center of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶⁸ Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷² Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷³ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁷⁴ Department of NeuroAnesthesia, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
⁷⁶ Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
⁷⁷ UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
⁷⁸ Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Neurology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸¹ Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸² Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁸³ Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
⁸⁴ Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁸⁵ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

PMID: 39653749
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01104-7

Review

Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease

Michael T Heneka et al. Nat Rev Immunol. 2025 May.

. 2025 May;25(5):321-352.

doi: 10.1038/s41577-024-01104-7. Epub 2024 Dec 9.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg. michael.heneka@uni.lu.
² Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶ Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁷ Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
⁸ Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
⁹ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine, VUMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹² European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹³ Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
¹⁴ Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Response in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
¹⁷ Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
¹⁸ ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹ Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Alicante, Spain.
²⁰ Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
²¹ Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
²² Center for Neurology, Clinic of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²³ Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁴ Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁵ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁶ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁷ Biomedical Center Munich, Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
²⁸ Neuroimmunology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
²⁹ School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁰ Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³¹ Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
³² Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³³ Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁵ Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁶ Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁸ Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
³⁹ Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Deparment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴¹ School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴³ Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁹ Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
⁵² Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵³ College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
⁵⁵ Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁵⁶ Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
⁵⁷ Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
⁵⁸ Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁵⁹ Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁶⁰ Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
⁶¹ Department of Vascular Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶² Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶³ Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶⁴ Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette/Belvaux, Luxembourg.
⁶⁵ Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
⁶⁶ Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.
⁶⁷ Center of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
⁶⁸ Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷² Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷³ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁷⁴ Department of NeuroAnesthesia, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
⁷⁶ Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
⁷⁷ UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
⁷⁸ Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Neurology, Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁸¹ Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸² Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁸³ Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
⁸⁴ Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁸⁵ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

PMID: 39653749
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01104-7

Abstract

Increasing evidence points to a pivotal role of immune processes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative and dementia-causing disease of our time. Multiple lines of information provided by experimental, epidemiological, neuropathological and genetic studies suggest a pathological role for innate and adaptive immune activation in this disease. Here, we review the cell types and pathological mechanisms involved in disease development as well as the influence of genetics and lifestyle factors. Given the decade-long preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease, these mechanisms and their interactions are driving forces behind the spread and progression of the disease. The identification of treatment opportunities will require a precise understanding of the cells and mechanisms involved as well as a clear definition of their temporal and topographical nature. We will also discuss new therapeutic strategies for targeting neuroinflammation, which are now entering the clinic and showing promise for patients.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: A.J.T. serves/served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant with Alnylam, Apellis, and Montis and has a research contract from Visterra. C.Cruchaga has received research support from GSK and EISAI. C.Cruchaga is a member of the scientific advisory board of Circular Genomics and owns stocks. C.Cruchaga is a member of the scientific advisory board of Admit. D.J.B. has a financial interest related to this research. He is a co-inventor on patents held by Mayo Clinic, patent applications licensed to or filed by Unity Biotechnology, and a Unity Biotechnology shareholder. Research in the Baker Laboratory has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. D.M. serves on the advisory board of Mindimmune, InMed and SynapsDx. He collaborates with Hesperos Inc. C.Cunningham has acted on the advisory board for Exalys Therapeutics and has received a small research grant from IONIS Therapeutics. C.T. has research contracts with Acumen, ADx Neurosciences, AC-Immune, Alamar, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman-Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Instant Nano Biosensors, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Toyama and Vivoryon. She is editor in chief of Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and serves on editorial boards of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Medidact Neurologie Springer, and serves on committee to define guidelines for cognitive disturbances and one for acute neurology in the Netherlands. She had consultancy/speaker contracts for Aribio, Biogen, Beckman-Coulter, Cognition Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Olink, Roche and Veravas. D.B. has served as a consultant for Biogen. D.R.T. collaborated with Novartis Pharma AG (Switzerland) and GE-Healthcare (UK). G.D. holds two patents on immunomodulatory treatments in Alzheimer disease and tauopathies, has served on the scientific advisory board of Coya Therapeutics, and received lecturer fees from Eisai and research support from Institut Roche. H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and WebMD, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). K.A. is co-founder and member of the SAB for Willow Neuroscience, Inc. L.A. has been consultant for Intelgenx. M.C. is a member of the scientific advisory board of Vigil, NGMBio, Cell Signalling Technology, Cartesian, and Halyard; receives research support from Ono Pharmaceutical; and has patents pending on LILRB4 and TREM2. O.B. co-founded and is on the scientific advisory board of Glial Therapeutics and GliaX. O.B. collaborates with GSK and Regulus Therapeutics and received research funding from Sanofi, GSK, honoraria for lectures, and consultancy for UCB, Camp4, Ono Pharma USA, and General Biophysics. R.Mancuso has or had scientific collaborations with Alector, Nodthera, Alchemab and Roche, and has been consultant for Sanofi. R.R. is a full time employee at Third Rock Ventures, a firm that creates new biotech companies, including those addressing neurodegeneration. He is also Co-Founder and holds equity at Abata Therapeutics. S.A.L. maintains a financial interest in AstronauTx Ltd. and Synapticure, and sits on the SAB of the Global BioAccess Fund. S.H. has received speaking fees from Eisai Ltd, Novo Nordisk, and Alnylam, receives research funding from Eisai Ltd., and has a collaborative project with Ionis Ltd. W.M.vdF. receives or has received funding by ZonMW, NWO, EU-JPND, EU-IHI, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, stichting Dioraphte, Gieskes-Strijbis fonds, stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw fonds, Pasman stichting, stichting Alzheimer & Neuropsychiatrie Foundation, Philips, Biogen MA Inc., Novartis-NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Eli Lilly-NL, Fujifilm, Eisai, Combinostics. W.M.vdF. has been an invited speaker at Biogen MA Inc., Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), NovoNordisk, Springer Healthcare, and European Brain Council; consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, Biogen MA Inc., and Eisai; all funding paid to her institution. W.M.vdF. participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc., Roche, and Eli Lilly. W.M.vdF. is a member of the steering committee of EVOKE/EVOKE+ (NovoNordisk); all funding paid to her institution. W.M.vdF. is a member of the steering committee of PAVE and Think Brain Health. W.M.vdF. was an Associate Editor of Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy in 2020/2021 and is an Associate Editor at Brain. P.E. was funded by the Medical Research Council and now by Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). He has also received grants from Alzheimer’s Research, UK, Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, Alzheimer’s Society, UK, Medical Research Council, Alzheimer’s Association US, Van-Geest foundation, and European Union grants. P.E. is a consultant to Roche, Pfizer, and Novo Nordisk. He has received educational and research grants from GE Healthcare, Novo Nordisk, Piramal Life Science/Life Molecular Imaging, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board at Novo Nordisk. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease

Affiliations

Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

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Grants and funding

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Medical