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Review
. 2024 Nov 14:9:100926.
doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100926. eCollection 2024.

Revisiting dietary proanthocyanidins on blood glucose homeostasis from a multi-scale structural perspective

Yi Wang  1 , Laiming Zhang  1 , Hang Xiao  1   2 , Xingqian Ye  1   3 , Haibo Pan  1   4 , Shiguo Chen  1   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Revisiting dietary proanthocyanidins on blood glucose homeostasis from a multi-scale structural perspective

Yi Wang et al. Curr Res Food Sci. .

Abstract

Multi-dimensional studies have consistently indicated the benefits of dietary proanthocyanidins on blood glucose homeostasis through consumption of them from fruits, cereals and nuts. Proanthocyanidins from various sources possess different structures, but even the minor variations in structures influence their regulation on blood glucose, including the degree of polymerization, galloacylation at C3, number of hydroxyl groups in B ring and linkage type. Therefore, this Review details the role of three types of proanthocyanidins (procyanidins, prodelphinidins and propelargonidins) in blood glucose control and their underlying mechanisms, and various structural features contribute to. Due to the extremely low bioavailability, proanthocyanidins mainly ameliorate high blood glucose by luminal effects: inhibit enzyme activities, improve the structure of gut microbiota, and protect the intestinal barrier function. A few absorbed proanthocyanidins exert insulin-like effects on targeted organs. Prodelphinidin gallates exhibit greater hypoglycemic activities than others, due to their galloacylation at C3 and high amounts of hydroxyl groups in B ring. Because of different action pathways, comprehensive consideration on the degree of polymerization, linkage type and density of hydroxyl groups was required. Further understanding of these relationships can concrete diet therapeutic opportunities for proanthocyanidins.

Keywords: Absorption; Blood glucose; Dietary proanthocyanidins; Structure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The risk factors and therapies of diabetes mellitus.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The biosynthesis and metabolism of proanthocyanidins. PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; E4P, D-erythrose-4-phosphate; DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate; DHQ, 3-dehydroquinate; EPSP, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The role of three different types of proanthocyanidins in blood glucose at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effects of structural features on hypoglycemic proanthocyanidins.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Mechanism of dietary proanthocyanidins on blood glucose homeostasis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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