Clinical manifestations, imaging and treatment of Sjögren's disease: one year in review 2024

Abstract

Sjögren's disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by hyperactivation of B-cells and cytokine production. The condition may evolve from an asymptomatic, indolent course, with glandular involvement, to several extra-glandular systemic manifestations up to lymphoma development. Recent efforts have been undertaken to identify patient phenotypes at risk of developing specific extraglandular manifestations in order to improve patient management. A more detailed understanding and characterisation of pathogenetic mechanisms, operating during the course of the disease, may facilitate earlier diagnosis, enable subphenotyping of patients and suggest novel therapeutic modalities to address the unmet needs of the disease in the upcoming years. In this review, following the others of this series, we will summarise the most recent literature on Sjögren's disease pathogenesis and clinical features focusing in particular on new insights into Sjögren's disease molecular stratification and therapeutic advances in the era of precision medicine.