The effect of feeding order of forage and oats on metabolic and digestive responses related to gastric emptying in horses

Abstract

Feeding order of forage and concentrate might affect gastric emptying and subsequently digestion in horses. The objective of this study was to measure gastric emptying in combination with metabolic and digestive responses in the plasma and cecum, respectively, when changing the feeding order of oats (O) and hay (H) (oats first, then hay: O-H vs. hay first, then oats: H-O). Four cecum cannulated horses were used in a 2 × 2 crossover design, with two 12-d periods consisting of 10 d of diet adaptation and 2 d of data collection. Hay was fed at 0600, 1400, and 2000 hours, while oats were fed in the morning either 15 min before or 1 h after feeding hay. On days of data collection, baseline samples were collected before feeding 1.4 kg dry matter (DM) hay and 474 g DM oats (0.4 g starch/kg body weight), and data were collected until 8 h after feeding. Gastric emptying of oats was estimated using the 13C acetic acid breath test, where breath samples were analyzed for a 12C:13C ratio after administration of 13C acetic acid mixed with oats. Gastric emptying coefficient (GEC), time where half of the total cumulative recovery of 13C was excreted (t1/2), and time where the maximal amount of 13C was excreted (Tmax) were calculated. Samples of blood and cecal fluid were collected at hourly intervals. Blood plasma was analyzed for glucose and insulin, and baseline concentrations, peak concentrations, time of peaks, and area under the curves were calculated. A pH probe was placed in the cecum measuring pH every minute to find minimum pH and time to reach minimum pH. Hourly cecal samples were analyzed for pH and short-chained fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Results from the 13C acetic acid breath test indicated that feeding order affected gastric emptying, as Tmax was longer (P = 0.004) when feeding H-O (2.18 h) than O-H (1.09 h), but there was no effect on the GEC and T1/2. No effect of feeding order was found for plasma glucose and insulin measures. Feeding order had no effect on minimum pH, but the time to reach minimum pH increased (P = 0.014) from 170 min for O-H to 280 min for H-O, and average pH was lower in the intervals 0-170 min (P = 0.006) and 170-280 min (P = 0.006) for O-H than H-O. In general, the time of sampling had a larger effect on SCFA concentrations than feeding order. In conclusion, this study indicates that feeding order affected gastric emptying, and the digestive and metabolic responses were more clearly reflected in cecum pH than in plasma glucose and insulin.

Keywords: 13C acetic acid; cecal pH; equine; glucose; insulin; stable isotopes.

Figure 1.

Percentage dose recovered per hour (PDR/h) of breath ¹³C over 8 h measurements following feeding oats mixed with a dose of ¹³C-acetate before (○ Oats-Hay) or after (■ Hay-Oats) feeding hay. Vertical dotted lines represent the time to peak breath ¹³C-excretion (T_Max, P = 0.004). Values are presented as least square means ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 2.

Plasma glucose and insulin curves when either oats before (O–H) or after (H–O) hay. Baseline, peak, time to peak, and AUC for plasma glucose and insulin were not affected by feeding order (P > 0.05). Values are presented as least square means ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 3.

Cecal pH was measured every 10 min through 480 min (9 h) when feeding either O–H or H–O. Minimum pH was not affected by feeding order (P > 0.005), but the time for reaching minimum pH was (vertical dotted lines represent O–H: 170 min vs. H–O: 280 min, P = 0.014). Values are presented as least sqaure means ± standard error of the mean.

Figure 4.

Average of cecum pH, total SCFA, and molar proportions (mmol/100 mmol) of individual SCFA in samples of cecal fluid for all four horses in both feeding periods. One sample per hour per horse, a total of nine samples per horse per period. One curve for the feeding order O–H, and one curve for feeding H–O.