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. 2024 Oct 13;5(11-12):e202400032.
doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400032. eCollection 2024 Dec.

Cobalt-Based Ferrite Modified Carbon Nanotubes Fibers for Flexible and Disposable Microelectrode Toward Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

Abid Ali  1 , Rizwan Shoukat  2 , Ahmad Raza Ashraf  3 , Zarqa Rasheed  1 , Sheza Muqaddas  4 , Munawar Iqbal  5 , Munira Khalid  6 , Wissem Mnif  7 , Ismail ElKamil Suliman Mohamed  8
Affiliations

Cobalt-Based Ferrite Modified Carbon Nanotubes Fibers for Flexible and Disposable Microelectrode Toward Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

Abid Ali et al. Anal Sci Adv. .

Abstract

Glucose detection is critical in clinical health and the food industry, particularly in the diagnosis of blood sugar levels. Carbon-based fiber materials have recently featured prominently as non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detectors. Herein, cobalt-based ferrite (CoFe2O4) in the form of nanoparticles has been successfully fabricated over the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fiber via a simple hydrothermal process. Fabricated microelectrode (CoFe2O4@CNTs) was investigated as an electrocatalyst toward the non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. The structure and morphology of the modified fiber were studied by scanning electron microscopy including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical capability of the microelectrode was analyzed by using different electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed sensors exhibited a superb sensitivity of 0.21 µAcm-2 mM-1, a good linear range from 1 to 9 mM, and a lower detection limit of 1.7 mM. Further investigation via EIS indicated the low charge transfer resistance as compared to the bare CNTs-based fiber. Outcomes revealed that the material can potentially prove promising for the disposable microelectrode toward electrochemical glucose sensing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Schematic illustration for the electro‐oxidation of glucose over the surface of modified (CoFe2O4@CNTs) fiber.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images for bare carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber at (a) 20 µm and (b) 1 µm magnification, and CoFe2O4@CNT fiber at (c) 20 µm and (d) 1 µm.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
(a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of CoFe2O4@CNT and its corresponding energy‐dispersive spectra for the elemental X‐ray mapping for (b) carbon, (c) oxygen, (d) iron, and (e) cobalt.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Percentage ratio for the different elements in energy dispersive spectra.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber electrodes in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution (a) with and without glucose at a fixed scan rate of 50 mV/s. (b) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber electrode at 1st and 15th mM concentration.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
(a) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) with various concentrations of glucose (1–15 mM) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. (b) The corresponding calibration plot of the anodic peak current with concentration. (c) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte containing 15 mM glucose with varied scan rate 5–100 mV/s. (d) The corresponding fitting plot of faradic currents versus square root of scan rate.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
(a) Amperometric response of CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber after the addition of various concentrations of glucose (1–15 mM) at 0.6 V and (b) its corresponding calibration curve, for current density versus concentration.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Nyquist plots of bare and modified CoFe2O4@CNTs fiber in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution containing 15 mM glucose with AC frequency at the range of 0.1 Hz–1 MHz at DC potential 0.6 V.
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